Antibacterial activity of the stem bark of Tieghemella Heckelii Pierre ex. A Chev against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Tieghemella heckelii (Sapotaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire for treating various diseases including infections. Identification of prospective antibacterial compounds from stem bark of this plant as a result of its medicinal virtue, led to screening activity against methicillin resistant bacteria. METHODS: Six extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and sterile distilled water) were prepared and tested on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using broth microdilution method for activity assessment. From this experiment, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the plant extracts were determined in sterile 96-well microplates in order to search for both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. Afterwards, data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism5 software (One-way ANOVA and Turkey Multiple Comparison test). The results were then presented as Mean ± SD for experiment repeated three times. RESULTS: Four extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and sterile distilled water) showed credible potency, with strong, significant, and moderate growth inhibition of the MRSA tested. The MIC values which varied from 45 µg/mL to 97 µg/mL according to microbial phenotype, resolutely established the activity of the plant extracts. Additionally, the MBC values which varied, depending on the type of bacteria strain, revealed the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of the active extracts against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSION: The present study is a confirmation of the therapeutic potential of Tieghemella heckelii and its promising contribution to the discovery of a novel antibacterial drug pertaining to these resistant strains.

[Epidemiology of bacterial infection materno-fetal at Abidjan- Ivory Cost: prospective study of eighty (80) cases]. / Epidemiologie de l'infection bacterienne materno-fœtale a Abidjan-Cote d'Ivoire: etude prospective a propos de 80 cas.

The aim of our study was to describe the risk factors, clinical symptoms and bacteria isolated during fetal-maternal bacterial infections in hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, descriptive study conducted from August 2, 2007 to October 3, 2007 at the neonatology department and the delivery room of the Yopougon teaching hospital . All newborn babies presenting a risk factor of infection have been included in this study. A bacteriological evaluation including containing central, peripheral and gastric fluid samples was performed. Bacteriological tests (NFS, CRP, PCT) were also performed on those newborn babies. RESULTS: Eighty newborn babies were included. The maternal risk factors were dominated by prolonged breaking of membranes 62.5%. In the newborn bad APGAR score 56.3% and prematurity 18.8%, were noted. The main clinical symptoms were neurological, , respiratory and digestive 52.5%, 44.4% 37.5%, respectively. The main pathogens isolated were 65.5% Staphylococcus coagulase negative, 13.8% Staphylococcus aureus, 6.9% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3,4% Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 3.4% Acinetobacter Sp. CONCLUSION: The clinical symptoms of the fetal-maternal bacterial infections are polymorphic. Germs found in our study differ from those usually found in the fetal-maternal bacterial infections in Europe.

L'objectif de notre étude était de décrire les facteurs de risques, la symptomatologie clinique et les bactéries isolées au cours des infections bactériennes materno-fœtales (IBMF) en milieu hospitalier. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective à visée descriptive menée du 2 août 2007au 3 octobre 2007 dans le service de néonatalogie et la salle d'accouchement du CHU de Yopougon. Tous les nouveau-nés présentant un facteur de risque infectieux ont été inclus dans l'étude. Un bilan bactériologique comportant des prélèvements centraux, périphériques et liquide gastrique à été effectué. Un bilan biologique (NFS, CRP, PCT) a également été réalisé chez ces nouveau-nés. RÉSULTATS: Quatre vingt nouveau-nés ont été inclus. Les facteurs de risques maternels étaient dominés par la rupture prolongée des membranes 62,5%. Chez le nouveau-né on notait le mauvais APGAR 56,3 %, la prématurité 18,8%. Les principales manifestations cliniques étaient neurologiques 52,5%, respiratoires 44,4% et digestifs 37,5%. Les principaux germes isolés étaient Staphylocoque coagulase négative 65 ,5%, Staphyloccus aureus 13,8%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6,9%; Klebsiella pneumoniae 3,4 %; Acinetobacter Sp 3,4%. CONCLUSION: La symptomatologie clinique des IBMF est polymorphe. Les germes retrouvés au cours de notre étude diffèrent de ceux habituellement retrouvés au cours des IBMF en Europe.

[Qnr-type quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria in Abidjan, Ivory Coast]. / Résistance aux quinolones de type qnr chez les entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi à Abidjan en Côte d'Ivoire.

The aim of the study was to show the emergence of the qnr genes in extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteria in Abidjan between 2005 and 2006. The whole of 151 strains of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteria were studied: 64 Escherichia coli, 66 Klebsiella pneumoniae, seven Klebsiella oxytoca and 14 Enterobacter spp. isolated from various biological products and from in- and out-patients. The techniques of disks diffusion, double-disk synergy, E-test were respectively used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and the minimal inhibiting concentration. The bla genes(SHV, TEM, CTXM groups 1, 2, 8, 9), and AmpC were determined by PCR and characterized by sequencing. A global prevalence of 27,2 % (41/151) and rates of 9,9, 14,6, 2,7 % for the qnr genes A, B, A and S were observed. The distribution was 42,9 % for Enterobacter spp, 31,2 % for Escherichia coli, 20,5 % for Klebsiella; 30 strains expressed at least two bla genes; four strains were associated with AmpC. The strains were resistant to the cotrimoxazole (97,6 %), to the céfépime (73,2 %), to the céfoxitine (56,1 %), to the imipénème (0 %) and 43,9 % to all the aminosides. This high qnr gene prevalence associated with several types of bla genes in epidemic matter, the high level of resistance to antibiotics make fear a high risk of the transmission of multi-resistants bacteria and challenge the authorities for a resistance monitoring policy.

[Methicillin-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Abidjan (1998-2001): a new hospital problem]. / La méticillino-résistance de Staphylococcus aureus isolés à Abidjan (1998-2001): un nouveau problème en milieu hospitalier.

OBJECTIVE: The authors had for aim to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains on infections in Abidjan as well as their susceptibility to other antibiotics. METHODS: Three hundred and forty strains of S. aureus from various samples of hospitalized patients were studied. Methicillin-resistance was assessed using oxacillin disk diffusion in agar. The MRSA, once detected, were confirmed by screening in Mueller-Hinton agar containing oxacillin at 6 microg/ml. The susceptibility to other antibiotics was analyzed using an antibiogram in agar medium. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of strains were resistant to methicillin (MRSA strains). Those MRSA were identified mainly in blood culture (14.2%), pus (4%) and urine (1.9%). Samples were collected in neonatal unit (13%), surgical units (5.4%) and intensive care unit (3.4%). A variable proportion of MRSA expressed resistance to other families of antibiotics: aminoglycosides 77.6%, rifampicin 8.8%, fluoroquinolones 34.1% and vancomycin 5.9%. CONCLUSION: Circulation of multidrug resistant MRSA in hospital, especially in neonatal unit, should lead to surveillance. Risk factors and other associated markers need to be identified.