RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) following antibiotic treatment specifically for urinary tract infection (UTI) has not been evaluated. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2007-2010, to assess antibiotic prescribing and other factors in relation to risk of CA-CDI in outpatients with uncomplicated UTI. Cases were diagnosed with CA-CDI within 90 days of antibiotic use. We used matched controls and confirmed case-control eligibility through chart review. Antibiotics were classified as ciprofloxacin (most common), or low risk (nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim), moderate risk, or high risk (e.g. cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, clindamycin) for CDI. We computed the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated UTI and history of relevant gastrointestinal comorbidity (including gastrointestinal diagnoses, procedures, and gastric acid suppression treatment) with risk of CA-CDI using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Despite the large population, only 68 cases were confirmed with CA-CDI for comparison with 112 controls. Female sex [81% of controls, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 6.3, CI 1.7-24), past gastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 39%, OR 2.3, CI 1.1-4.8), and nongastrointestinal comorbidity (prevalence 6%, OR 2.8, CI 1.4-5.6) were associated with increased CA-CDI risk. Compared with low-risk antibiotic, the adjusted ORs for antibiotic groups were as follows: ciprofloxacin, 2.7 (CI 1.0-7.2); moderate-risk antibiotics, 3.6 (CI 1.2-11); and high-risk antibiotics, 11.2 (CI 2.4-52). CONCLUSIONS: Lower-risk antibiotics should be used for UTI whenever possible, particularly in patients with a gastrointestinal comorbidity. However, UTI can be managed through alternative approaches. Research into the primary prevention of UTI is urgently needed.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and effectiveness of three methods of reversing coagulopathic effects of warfarin in patients with potentially life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. METHODS: A retrospective electronic medical record review of 63 patients with warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage between 2007 and 2010 in an integrated health care delivery system was conducted. The three methods of rapid warfarin reversal were fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), activated factor VII (FVIIa; NovoSevenRT [Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark]), and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC; BebulinVH [Baxter, Westlake Village, California, USA], ProfilnineSD [Grifols, North Carolina, USA]), each used adjunctively with vitamin K (Vit K, phytonadione). We determined times from reversal agent order to laboratory evidence of warfarin reversal (international normalized ratio [INR]) in the first 48 hours and compared INR rebound rates and complications in the first 48 hours. RESULTS: Reversal with FFP took more than twice as long compared with FVIIa or PCC. To reach an INR of 1.3, mean (±SD) reversal times were 1933 ± 905 minutes for FFP, 784 ± 926 minutes for FVIIa, and 980 ± 1021 minutes for PCC (P < 0.001; P < 0.01 between FFP and FVIIa, P < 0.05 between FFP and PCC). INR rebound occurred in 0 of 31 patients for FFP, 4 of 8 for FVIIa, and 0 of 7 for PCC (P = 0.001). Complications were uncommon. FVIIa was 15 and 3.5 times as expensive as FFP and PCC, respectively. CONCLUSION: As an adjunct to Vit K for rapid warfarin reversal, FVIIa and PCC appear more effective than FFP. Either FVIIa or PCC are reasonable options for reversal, but FVIIa is considerably more expensive and may have greater risk of INR rebound.
