RESUMO
The aim of this work was to select and characterize model particles, which correspond to real wear products from artificial hip joints, and to investigate the dispersing behavior of these powders. Commercially available nano and microparticles of corundum, graphite, and chromium oxide were selected or alternatively self-produced by milling. These powders were characterized regarding density, specific surface area, crystalline phases, particle size distributions and shape. Volume-based particle size distributions Q(3)(d) were measured after dispersing in water, water with dispersant, Ringers solution, and cell culture solution (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)) by laser diffraction and ultrasonic spectroscopy. Nanopowders formed agglomerates in the micrometer range in cell culture solutions. The micropowders showed only a marginal agglomeration. The median diameters of the dispersed nanopowders were even bigger than those of micropowders. Calculations of the number-based size distribution Q(0)(d) showed that in spite of the agglomeration the predominant number of the nano and microparticles is in the sub micrometer range, with only one exception, the micrographite powder.
Assuntos
Prótese de Quadril , Teste de Materiais , Tamanho da Partícula , Pós/química , Microscopia EletrônicaRESUMO
Macrophages play a pivotal role in tissue reaction and immune response. They recognize, phagocytose particles and generate cytokines to influence local cellular reactions. Friction and wear of implant components usually generates microparticles (MP) in a size range of 1-10 mum and nanoparticles (NP) in the range of 10-1000 nm. To investigate the possible impact of MP or NP on cellular reactions, we exposed murine macrophages (RAW264.7) to corundum MP and NP. The same mass was used in both NP and MP cell culture solutions, i.e. there were more NP than MP per identical volumes of culture solution. After 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h aliquots of cell culture supernatants were tested for different cytokines, growth factors and nitric oxide. Macrophages were stained with MGG (May-Grünwald Giemsa), counted and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Particles were attached to cell surfaces and phagocytosed within cells. Cells stimulated with particles or lipopolysaccharides for positive controls showed surface modifications indicating enhanced function. Although only marginal differences between negative controls and particle-stimulated cells were observed in respect to cytokine production, exposure to corundum particles led to a decrease in the number of vital macrophages and to an increase in the number of giant cells. Corundum NP formed micron-sized aggregates in the cell culture medium and led to the production of more giant cells than MP. Sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell culture medium with particles proved the adsorption of proteins to particles.