RESUMO
The exons 1, 2 and flanking region of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene in five randomly selected does of Jining Grey, Boer and Liaoning Cashmere goats were amplified and analyzed. Thirteen nucleotide differences were identified in GDF9 gene between sheep (AF078545) and goats. Four SNPs (G3288A in intron 1, G423A, A959C [Gln320Pro] and G1189A [Val397Ile] in exon 2) were detected in four goat breeds with different prolificacy, in which G3288A was a new SNP in goats. The results showed that loci 3288, 423 and 1189 in Boer goats, loci 3288 and 423 in Guizhou White goats, loci 423 and 1189 in Liaoning Cashmere goats were all in complete linkage disequilibrium (D' = 1, r (2) = 1), respectively. In moderate (Boer goat) and low prolificacy (Liaoning Cashmere goat) breeds, linkage analysis indicated that there were more fervent linkage disequilibrium among loci 3288, 423 and 1189 than high prolificacy (Jining Grey and Guizhou White goats) breeds. For the 959 locus, the genotype distribution showed obvious difference between high prolificacy breeds and moderate or low prolificacy breeds (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The Jining Grey goat does with genotype CC or AC had 0.81 (P < 0.01) or 0.63 (P < 0.01) kids more than those with genotype AA, respectively. The present study preliminarily showed an association between allele C at 959 locus of GDF9 gene and high litter size in Jining Grey goats. These results provide further evidence that the GDF9 gene may be significantly correlated with high prolificacy in goats.
Assuntos
Estudos de Associação Genética , Cabras/genética , Fator 9 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/genética , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Alelos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Cruzamento , China , Primers do DNA/metabolismo , Frequência do Gene , Loci Gênicos/genética , Homozigoto , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Desequilíbrio de Ligação/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Injection of bacteria and bacterial cell walls into larvae of the tobacco hornworm elicits a rapid, specific depletion of plasmatocytes from circulation. Plasmatocyte depletion in response to injection of bacteria is dose dependent with a threshold for response between 10(3)-10(4) bacteria per insect and a maximal depletion at greater than 10(7) bacteria per insect. Injection of saline, latex beads that are phagocytized, or fragments of peptidoglycan that elicit antibacterial protein synthesis do not affect plasmatocyte abundance.
Assuntos
Células Sanguíneas/imunologia , Hemócitos/imunologia , Lepidópteros/imunologia , Animais , Bactérias/imunologia , Contagem de Células , Parede Celular/imunologia , Hemócitos/citologia , Larva/imunologia , Lepidópteros/citologiaRESUMO
Both hemocytes and fat body from larvae of Manduca sexta, which have been injected with inducers of antibacterial protein synthesis, contain immunoreactive lysozyme. However, fat body is a richer source and has been demonstrated to synthesize and release lysozyme and cecropin-like peptides (bactericidins) in vitro. Fat body secretion of lysozyme and bactericidins is stimulated by addition of soluble peptidoglycan fragments to culture medium. The rate of lysozyme secretion by fat body varies as a function of peptidoglycan inducer concentration. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in vivo, bacteria must be phagocytized and partially degraded (processed) by hemocytes to generate a signal (peptidoglycan) that subsequently induces antibacterial protein synthesis by fat body.
