An optimized EEGNet decoder for decoding motor image of four class fingers flexion.

As a cutting-edge technology of connecting biological brain and external devices, brain-computer interface (BCI) exhibits promising applications on extensive fields such as medical and military. As for the disable individuals with four limbs losing the motor functions, it is a potential treatment way to drive mechanical equipments by the means of non-invasive BCI, which is badly depended on the accuracy of the decoded electroencephalogram (EEG) singles. In this study, an explanatory convolutional neural network namely EEGNet based on SimAM attention module was proposed to enhance the accuracy of decoding the EEG singles of index and thumb fingers for both left and right hand using sensory motor rhythm (SMR). An average classification accuracy of 72.91% the data of eight healthy subjects was obtained, which were captured from the one second before finger movement to two seconds after action. Furthermore, the character of event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event related synchronization (ERS) of index and thumb fingers was also studied in this study. These findings have significant importance for controlling external devices or other rehabilitation equipment using BCI in a fine way.

Motor Behavior Regulation of Rat Robots Using Integrated Electrodes Stimulated by Micro-Nervous System.

As a cutting-edge technology, animal robots based on living organisms are being extensively studied, with potential for diverse applications in the fields of neuroscience, national security, and civil rescue. However, it remains a significant challenge to reliably control the animal robots with the objective of protecting their long-term survival, and this has seriously hindered their practical implementation. To address this issue, this work explored the use of a bio-friendly neurostimulation system that includes integrated stimulation electrodes together with a remote wireless stimulation circuit to control the moving behavior of rat robots. The integrated electrodes were implanted simultaneously in four stimulation sites, including the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and primary somatosensory cortex, barrel field (S1BF). The control system was able to provide flexibility in adjusting the following four stimulation parameters: waveform, amplitude, frequency, and duration time. The optimized parameters facilitated the successful control of the rat's locomotion, including forward movement and left and right turns. After training for a few cycles, the rat robots could be guided along a designated route to complete the given mission in a maze. Moreover, it was found that the rat robots could survive for more than 20 days with the control system implanted. These findings will ensure the sustained and reliable operation of the rat robots, laying a robust foundation for advances in animal robot regulation technology.

Flexible wide-range multidimensional force sensors inspired by bones embedded in muscle.

Flexible sensors have been widely studied for use in motion monitoring, human‒machine interactions (HMIs), personalized medicine, and soft intelligent robots. However, their practical application is limited by their low output performance, narrow measuring range, and unidirectional force detection. Here, to achieve flexibility and high performance simultaneously, we developed a flexible wide-range multidimensional force sensor (FWMFS) similar to bones embedded in muscle structures. The adjustable magnetic field endows the FWMFS with multidimensional perception for detecting forces in different directions. The multilayer stacked coils significantly improved the output from the µV to the mV level while ensuring FWMFS miniaturization. The optimized FWMFS exhibited a high voltage sensitivity of 0.227 mV/N (0.5-8.4 N) and 0.047 mV/N (8.4-60 N) in response to normal forces ranging from 0.5 N to 60 N and could detect lateral forces ranging from 0.2-1.1 N and voltage sensitivities of 1.039 mV/N (0.2-0.5 N) and 0.194 mV/N (0.5-1.1 N). In terms of normal force measurements, the FWMFS can monitor finger pressure and sliding trajectories in response to finger taps, as well as measure plantar pressure for assessing human movement. The plantar pressure signals of five human movements collected by the FWMFS were analyzed using the k-nearest neighbors classification algorithm, which achieved a recognition accuracy of 92%. Additionally, an artificial intelligence biometric authentication system is being developed that classifies and recognizes user passwords. Based on the lateral force measurement ability of the FWMFS, the direction of ball movement can be distinguished, and communication systems such as Morse Code can be expanded. This research has significant potential in intelligent sensing and personalized spatial recognition.

Enhancing the electric charge output in LiNbO3-based piezoelectric pressure sensors.

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystals are a kind of ferroelectric material with a high piezoelectric coefficient and Curie temperature, which is suitable for the preparation of piezoelectric pressure sensors. However, there is little research reporting on the use of LiNbO3 single crystals to prepare piezoelectric pressure sensors. Therefore, in this paper, LiNbO3 was used to prepare piezoelectric pressure sensors to study the feasibility of using LiNbO3 single crystals as a sensitive material for piezoelectric pressure sensors. In addition, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technology was used to prepare LiNbO3 crystals with different thicknesses to study the influence of these LiNbO3 crystals on the electric charge output of the sensors. The results showed that the sensitivity of a 300 µm sample (0.218 mV kPa-1) was about 1.23 times that of a 500 µm sample (0.160 mV kPa-1). Low-temperature polymer heterogeneous integration and oxygen plasma activation technologies were used to realize the heterogeneous integration of LiNbO3 and silicon to prepare piezoelectric pressure sensors, which could significantly improve the sensitivity of the sensor by approximately 16.06 times (2.569 mV kPa-1) that of the original sample (0.160 mV kPa-1) due to an appropriate residual stress that did not shatter LiNbO3 or silicon, thus providing a possible method for integrating piezoelectric pressure sensors and integrated circuits.

Robust Energy Storage Property of La-Doped PZT Films Within a Wide Temperature Range.

Antiferroelectric (AFE) films have received a lot of attention for their high energy storage density and temperature stability, giving them potential in electrostatic energy storage devices. In this work, La-doped PZT AFE films were prepared through a sol-gel procedure, and energy storage properties within a wide temperature range (73-533 K) were explored. Typical dipoles rotate in one direction along electric fields, combined with phase transition behavior. The polarization behavior is modulated by both electric field and temperature. With increasing temperature, the saturation polarization strength decreases due to the phase transition from the AFE state to the ferroelectric state. Besides, the temperature dependence of electrical properties was investigated, and the energy storage density of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 films was about 5.84 J/cm3 in the low temperature range (<273.15 K). All results indicate the great potential of AFE films in pulse power device applications, especially in low-temperature ranges.

Robust global arrangement by coherent enhancement in Huygens-Fresnel traveling surface acoustic wave interference field.

The application of standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) tweezers based on backpropagation superposition to achieve precise behavior manipulation of microscale cells and even nanoscale bacteria has been widely studied and industrialized. However, the structure requires multiple transducer components or full channel resonance. It is very challenging to design a simple structure for nano-control by complex acoustic field. In this study, a reflector-interdigital transducer (R-IDT) acoustofluidic device based on unilateral coherence enhancement is proposed to achieve SSAW definition features of periodic particle capture positions. The SAW device based on a unilateral transducer can not only generate leaky-SAW in water-filled microchannel, but also have a contribution of spherical waves in the vibration area of the substrate-liquid interface due to the Huygens-Fresnel diffractive principle. Both of them form a robust time-averaged spatial periodicity in the pressure potential gradient, accurately predicting the lateral spacing of these positions through acoustic patterning methods. Furthermore, a reflector based on Bragg-reflection is used to suppress backward transmitted SAW and enhance forward conducted SAW beams. By using a finite element model, R-IDT structure's amplitude enhances 60.78% compared to single IDT structure. The particle manipulation range of the diffractive acoustic field greatly improves, verified by experimental polystyrene microspheres. Besides, biocompatibility is conformed through red blood cells and Bacillus subtilis. We investigate the overall shift of periodic pressure field that can still occur when the phase changes. This work provides a simpler and low-cost solution for the application of acoustic tweezer in biological cell culture and filtering.

Electric-Force Conversion Performance of Si-Based LiNbO3 Devices Based on Four Cantilever Beams.

In micron or nano smart sensing systems, piezoelectric cantilever beams are distributed as major components in microsensors, actuators, and energy harvesters. This paper investigates the performance of four cantilever beam devices with "electric-force" conversion based on the inverse piezoelectric effect of lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) single-crystal materials. A new compact piezoelectric smart device model is proposed, designed as a single mass block connected by four beams, where devices exhibit smaller lateral errors (0.39-0.41%). The relationship between the displacement characteristics of cantilever beams and driving voltage was researched by applying excitation signals. The results show that the device has the maximum displacement at a first-order intrinsic frequency (fosc = 11.338 kHz), while the displacement shows a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.998) with driving voltage. The square wave signals of the same amplitude have greater "electrical-force" conversion efficiency. The output displacement can reach 12 nm, which is much higher than the output displacement with sinusoidal excitation. In addition, the relative displacement deviation of devices can be maintained within ±1% under multiple cycles of electrical signal loading. The small size, high reliability, and ultra-stability of Si-LN ferroelectric single-crystal cantilever beam devices with lower vibration amplitudes are promising for nanopositioning techniques in microscopy, diagnostics, and high-precision manufacturing applications.

Ultra-Narrow Bandwidth Microwave Photonic Filter Implemented by Single Longitudinal Mode Parity Time Symmetry Brillouin Fiber Laser.

In this paper, a novel microwave photonic filter (MPF) based on a single longitudinal mode Brillouin laser achieved by parity time (PT) symmetry mode selection is proposed, and its unparalleled ultra-narrow bandwidth as low as to sub-kHz together with simple and agile tuning performance is experimentally verified. The Brillouin fiber laser ring resonator is cascaded with a PT symmetric system to achieve this MPF. Wherein, the Brillouin laser resonator is excited by a 5 km single mode fiber to generate Brillouin gain, and the PT symmetric system is configured with Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS) and polarization controller (PC) to achieve PT symmetry. Thanks to the significant enhancement of the gain difference between the main mode and the edge mode when the polarization state PT symmetry system breaks, a single mode oscillating Brillouin laser is generated. Through the selective amplification of sideband modulated signals by ultra-narrow linewidth Brillouin single mode laser gain, the MPF with ultra-narrow single passband performance is obtained. By simply tuning the central wavelength of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) pumped laser to adjust the Brillouin oscillation frequency, the gain position of the Brillouin laser can be shifted, thereby achieving flexible tunability. The experimental results indicate that the MPF proposed in this paper achieves a single pass band narrow to 72 Hz and the side mode rejection ratio of more than 18 dB, with a center frequency tuning range of 0-20 GHz in the testing range of vector network analysis, which means that the MPF possesses ultra high spectral resolution and enormous potential application value in the domain of ultra fine microwave spectrum filtering such as radar imaging and electronic countermeasures.

Multilayer graphene-enabled structure based on Salisbury shielding effect for high-performance terahertz absorption.

Sandwich-type structure based on Salisbury screen effect is a simple and effective strategy to acquire high-performance terahertz (THz) absorption. The number of sandwich layer is the key factor that affects the absorption bandwidth and intensity of THz wave. Traditional metal/insulant/metal (M/I/M) absorber is difficult to construct multilayer structure because of low light transmittance of the surface metal film. Graphene exhibits huge advantages including broadband light absorption, low sheet resistance and high optical transparency, which are useful for high-quality THz absorber. In this work, we proposed a series of multilayer metal/PI/graphene (M/PI/G) absorber based on graphene Salisbury shielding. Numerical simulation and experimental demonstration were provided to explain the mechanism of graphene as resistive film for strong electric field. And it is important to improve the overall absorption performance of the absorber. In addition, the number of resonance peaks is found to increase by increasing the thickness of the dielectric layer in this experiment. The absorption broadband of our device is around 160%, greater than those previously reported THz absorber. Finally, this experiment successfully prepared the absorber on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The absorber has high practical feasibility and can be easily integrated with the semiconductor technology to make high efficient THz-oriented devices.

An ultra-compact acoustofluidic device based on the narrow-path travelling surface acoustic wave (np-TSAW) for label-free isolation of living circulating tumor cells.

Obtaining highly purified intact living cells from complex environments has been a challenge, such as the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood. In this work, we demonstrated an acoustic-based ultra-compact device for cell sorting, with a chip size of less than 2 × 1.5 cm2. This single actuator device allows non-invasive and label-free isolation of living cells, offering greater flexibility and applicability. The device performance was optimized with different-sized polystyrene (PS) particles and blood cells spiked with cancer cells. Using the narrow-path travelling surface acoustic wave (np-TSAW), precise isolation of 10 µm particles from a complex mixture of particles (5, 10, 20 µm) and separation of 8 µm and 10 µm particles was achieved. The purified collection of 10 µm particles with high separation efficiency (98.75%) and high purity (98.1%) was achieved by optimizing the input voltage. Further, we investigated the isolation and purification of CTCs (MCF-7, human breast cancer cells) from blood cells with isolation efficiency exceeding 98% and purity reaching 93%. Viabilities of the CTCs harvested from target-outlet were all higher than 97% after culturing for 24, 48, and 72 h, showing good proliferation ability. This novel ultra-miniaturized microfluidic chip demonstrates the ability to sorting cells with high-purity and label-free, providing an attractive miniaturized system alternative to traditional sorting methods.

Nanoelectromechanical Temperature Sensor Based on Piezoresistive Properties of Suspended Graphene Film.

The substrate impurities scattering will lead to unstable temperature-sensitive behavior and poor linearity in graphene temperature sensors. And this can be weakened by suspending the graphene structure. Herein, we report a graphene temperature sensing structure, with suspended graphene membranes fabricated on the cavity and non-cavity SiO2/Si substrate, using monolayer, few-layer, and multilayer graphene. The results show that the sensor provides direct electrical readout from temperature to resistance transduction by the nano piezoresistive effect in graphene. And the cavity structure can weaken the substrate impurity scattering and thermal resistance effect, which results in better sensitivity and wide-range temperature sensing. In addition, monolayer graphene is almost no temperature sensitivity. And the few-layer graphene temperature sensitivity, lower than that of the multilayer graphene cavity structure (3.50%/°C), is 1.07%/°C. This work demonstrates that piezoresistive in suspended graphene membranes can effectively enhance the sensitivity and widen the temperature sensor range in NEMS temperature sensors.

Fabrication and DC-Bias Manipulation Frequency Characteristics of AlN-Based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer.

Due to their excellent capabilities to generate and sense ultrasound signals in an efficient and well-controlled way at the microscale, piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) are being widely used in specific systems, such as medical imaging, biometric identification, and acoustic wireless communication systems. The ongoing demand for high-performance and adjustable PMUTs has inspired the idea of manipulating PMUTs by voltage. Here, PMUTs based on AlN thin films protected by a SiO2 layer of 200 nm were fabricated using a standard MEMS process with a resonant frequency of 505.94 kHz, a -6 dB bandwidth (BW) of 6.59 kHz, and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.97%. A modification of 4.08 kHz for the resonant frequency and a bandwidth enlargement of 60.2% could be obtained when a DC bias voltage of -30 to 30 V was applied, corresponding to a maximum resonant frequency sensitivity of 83 Hz/V, which was attributed to the stress on the surface of the piezoelectric film induced by the external DC bias. These findings provide the possibility of receiving ultrasonic signals within a wider frequency range, which will play an important role in underwater three-dimensional imaging and nondestructive testing.

A Novel Detachable, Reusable, and Versatile Acoustic Tweezer Manipulation Platform for Biochemical Analysis and Detection Systems.

Multifunctional, integrated, and reusable operating platforms are highly sought after in biochemical analysis and detection systems. In this study, we demonstrated a novel detachable, reusable acoustic tweezer manipulation platform that is flexible and versatile. The free interchangeability of different detachable microchannel devices on the acoustic tweezer platform was achieved by adding a waveguide layer (glass) and a coupling layer (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer film). We designed and demonstrated the detachable multifunctional acoustic tweezer platform with three cell manipulation capabilities. In Demo I, the detachable acoustic tweezer platform is demonstrated to have the capability for parallel processing and enrichment of the sample. In Demo II, the detachable acoustic tweezer platform with capability for precise cell alignment is demonstrated. In Demo III, it was demonstrated that the detachable acoustic tweezer platform has the capability for the separation and purification of cells. Through experiments, our acoustic tweezer platform has good acoustic retention ability, reusability, and stability. More capabilities can be expanded in the future. It provides a simple, economical, and multifunctional reusable operating platform solution for biochemical analysis and detection systems.

Modulation of graphene THz absorption based on HAuCl4 doping method.

Graphene is an attractive material for terahertz (THz) absorbers because of its tunable Fermi-Level (EF). It has become a research hotspot to modulate the EF of graphene and THz absorption of graphene. Here, a sandwich-structured single layer graphene (SLG)/ Polyimide (PI)/Au THz absorber was proposed, and top-layer graphene was doped by HAuCl4 solutions. The EF of graphene was shifted by HAuCl4 doping, which was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman tests. The results showed that the EF is shifted about 0.42 eV under 100 mM HAuCl4 doping, the sheet resistance is reduced from 1065 Ω/sq (undoped) to 375 Ω/sq (100 mM). The corresponding absorbance was increased from 40% to 80% at 0.65 THz and increased from 50% to 90% at 2.0 THz under 100 mM HAuCl4 doping. Detailed studies showed that the absorption came from a sandwich structure that meets the impedance matching requirements and provided a thin resonant cavity to capture the incident THz waves. In addition, not only the absorber can be prepared simply, but its results in experiments and simulations agree as well. The proposed device can be applied to electromagnetic shielding and imaging, and the proposed method can be applied to prepare other graphene-based devices.

Influence of Structural Parameters on Performance of SAW Resonators Based on 128° YX LiNbO3 Single Crystal.

The seeking of resonator with high Q and low insertion loss is attractive for critical sensing scenes based on the surface acoustic wave (SAW). In this work, 128° YX LiNbO3-based SAW resonators were utilized to optimize the output performance through IDT structure parameters. Once the pairs of IDTs, the acoustic aperture, the reflecting grid logarithm, and the gap between IDT and reflector are changed, a better resonance frequency of 224.85 MHz and a high Q of 1364.5 were obtained. All the results demonstrate the structure parameters design is helpful for the performance enhancement with regard to SAW resonators, especially for designing and fabricating high-Q devices.

Enhanced Detection in Droplet Microfluidics by Acoustic Vortex Modulation of Particle Rings and Particle Clusters via Asymmetric Propagation of Surface Acoustic Waves.

As a basis for biometric and chemical analysis, issues of how to dilute or concentrate substances such as particles or cells to specific concentrations have long been of interest to researchers. In this study, travelling surface acoustic wave (TSAW)-based devices with three frequencies (99.1, 48.8, 20.4 MHz) have been used to capture the suspended Polystyrene (PS) microspheres of various sizes (5, 20, 40 µm) in sessile droplets, which are controlled by acoustic field-induced fluid vortex (acoustic vortex) and aggregate into clusters or rings with particles. These phenomena can be explained by the interaction of three forces, which are drag force caused by ASF, ARF caused by Leaky-SAW and varying centrifugal force. Eventually, a novel approach of free transition between the particle ring and cluster was approached via modulating the acoustic amplitude of TSAW. By this method, multilayer particles agglomerate with 20 µm wrapped around 40 µm and 20 µm wrapped around 5 µm can be obtained, which provides the possibility to dilute or concentrate the particles to a specific concentration.

High-Performance Piezoelectric-Type MEMS Vibration Sensor Based on LiNbO3 Single-Crystal Cantilever Beams.

It is a great challenge to detect in-situ high-frequency vibration signals for extreme environment applications. A highly sensitive and robust vibration sensor is desired. Among the many piezoelectric materials, single-crystal lithium niobate (LiNbO3) could be a good candidate to meet the demand. In this work, a novel type of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) vibration sensor based on a single crystalline LiNbO3 thin film is demonstrated. Firstly, the four-cantilever-beam MEMS vibration sensor was designed and optimized with the parametric method. The structural dependence on the intrinsic frequency and maximum stress was obtained. Then, the vibration sensor was fabricated using standard MEMS processes. The practical intrinsic frequency of the as-presented vibration sensor was 5.175 kHz, which was close to the calculated and simulated frequency. The dynamic performance of the vibration sensor was tested on a vibration platform after the packaging of the printed circuit board. The effect of acceleration was investigated, and it was observed that the output charge was proportional to the amplitude of the acceleration. As the loading acceleration amplitude is 10 g and the frequency is in the range of 20 to 2400 Hz, the output charge amplitude basically remains stable for the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1400 Hz, but there is a dramatic decrease around 1400 to 2200 Hz, and then it increases significantly. This should be attributed to the significant variation of the damping coefficient near 1800 Hz. Meanwhile, the effect of the temperature on the output was studied. The results show the nearly linear dependence of the output charge on the temperature. The presented MEMS vibration sensors were endowed with a high output performance, linear dependence and stable sensitivity, and could find potential applications for the detection of wide-band high-frequency vibration.

Integration Technology for Wafer-Level LiNbO3 Single-Crystal Thin Film on Silicon by Polyimide Adhesive Bonding and Chemical Mechanical Polishing.

An integration technology for wafer-level LiNbO3 single-crystal thin film on Si has been achieved. The optimized spin-coating speed of PI (polyimide) adhesive is 3500 rad/min. According to Fourier infrared analysis of the chemical state of the film baked under different conditions, a high-quality PI film that can be used for wafer-level bonding is obtained. A high bonding strength of 11.38 MPa is obtained by a tensile machine. The bonding interface is uniform, completed and non-porous. After the PI adhesive bonding process, the LiNbO3 single-crystal was lapped by chemical mechanical polishing. The thickness of the 100 mm diameter LiNbO3 can be decreased from 500 to 10 µm without generating serious cracks. A defect-free and tight bonding interface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction results show that the prepared LiNbO3 single-crystal thin film has a highly crystalline quality. Heterogeneous integration of LiNbO3 single-crystal thin film on Si is of great significance to the fabrication of MEMS devices for in-situ measurement of space-sensing signals.

Reliable Fabrication of Graphene Nanostructure Based on e-Beam Irradiation of PMMA/Copper Composite Structure.

Graphene nanostructures are widely perceived as a promising material for fundamental components; their high-performance electronic properties offer the potential for the construction of graphene nanoelectronics. Numerous researchers have paid attention to the fabrication of graphene nanostructures, based on both top-down and bottom-up approaches. However, there are still some unavoidable challenges, such as smooth edges, uniform films without folds, and accurate dimension and location control. In this work, a direct writing method was reported for the in-situ preparation of a high-resolution graphene nanostructure of controllable size (the minimum feature size is about 15 nm), which combines the advantages of e-beam lithography and copper-catalyzed growth. By using the Fourier infrared absorption test, we found that the hydrogen and oxygen elements were disappearing due to knock-on displacement and the radiolysis effect. The graphene crystal is also formed via diffusion and the local heating effect between the e-beam and copper substrate, based on the Raman spectra test. This simple process for the in-situ synthesis of graphene nanostructures has many promising potential applications, including offering a way to make nanoelectrodes, NEMS cantilever resonant structures, nanophotonic devices and so on.

The Wafer-Level Integration of Single-Crystal LiNbO3 on Silicon via Polyimide Material.

In situ measurements of sensing signals in space platforms requires that the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors be located directly at the point to be measured and in contact with the subject to be measured. Traditional radiation-tolerant silicon-based MEMS sensors cannot acquire spatial signals directly. Compared to silicon-based structures, LiNbO3 single crystalline has wide application prospects in the aerospace field owing to its excellent corrosion resistance, low-temperature resistance and radiation resistance. In our work, 4-inch LiNbO3 and LiNbO3/Cr/Au wafers are fabricated to silicon substrate by means of a polyimide bonding method, respectively. The low-temperature bonding process (≤100 °C) is also useful for heterostructure to avoid wafer fragmentation results from a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. The hydrophilic polyimide surfaces result from the increasing of -OH groups were acquired based on contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations. A tight and defect-free bonding interface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. More importantly, benefiting from low-temperature tolerance and radiation-hardened properties of polyimide material, the bonding strength of the heterostructure based on oxygen plasma activation achieved 6.582 MPa and 3.339 MPa corresponding to room temperature and ultra-low temperature (≈ -263.15 °C), which meets the bonding strength requirements of aerospace applications.