Vertical heterostructure of graphite-MoS2 for gas sensing.

2D materials, given their form-factor, high surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical functionality have immense use in sensor design. Engineering 2D heterostructures can result in robust combinations of desirable properties but sensor design methodologies require careful considerations about material properties and orientation to maximize sensor response. This study introduces a sensor approach that combines the excellent electrical transport and transduction properties of graphite film with chemical reactivity derived from the edge sites of semiconducting molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) through a two-step chemical vapour deposition method. The resulting vertical heterostructure shows potential for high-performance hybrid chemiresistors for gas sensing. This architecture offers active sensing edge sites across the MoS2 flakes. We detail the growth of vertically oriented MoS2 over a nanoscale graphite film (NGF) cross-section, enhancing the adsorption of analytes such as NO2, NH3, and water vapor. Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations and scanning probe methods elucidate the influence of chemical doping by distinguishing the role of MoS2 edge sites relative to the basal plane. High-resolution imaging techniques confirm the controlled growth of highly crystalline hybrid structures. The MoS2/NGF hybrid structure exhibits exceptional chemiresistive responses at both room and elevated temperatures compared to bare graphitic layers. Quantitative analysis reveals that the sensitivity of this hybrid sensor surpasses other 2D material hybrids, particularly in parts per billion concentrations.

Compositional and Morphological Characterization of 'Sorrento' and 'Chandler' Walnuts.

In Italy, most of the cultivated walnuts belong to the Sorrento ecotype, and they are considered commercially valuable due to their specific organoleptic characteristics. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the morphological and compositional characteristics of walnuts sampled from 'Sorrento' trees cultivated in different locations in Campania and trees of both the 'Chandler' and 'Sorrento' varieties derived from the same location. The results demonstrated that 'Sorrento' and 'Chandler' walnuts have different biometric characteristics and a different fat content, with the highest fat content being found in the 'Sorrento' variety. Regarding the fatty acid (FA) composition, the content of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (MUFAs and SFAs) was highest in the 'Sorrento' variety (from 13 to 15% for MUFAs and from 11 to 13% for SFAs), while the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content was highest in the 'Chandler' variety (77%). The total phenolics content (TPC) was highest in the 'Sorrento' variety (from 910 to 1230 mg GAE/100 g), while no difference in γ-tocopherol content was found. Furthermore, the influence of walnut area cultivation was shown for fat content, FA composition and TPC. Therefore, both walnut varieties demonstrated good nutritional properties considering the PUFAs and γ-tocopherol content.

Temporin G, an amphibian antimicrobial peptide against influenza and parainfluenza respiratory viruses: Insights into biological activity and mechanism of action.

Treatment of respiratory viral infections remains a global health concern, mainly due to the inefficacy of available drugs. Therefore, the discovery of novel antiviral compounds is needed; in this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like temporins hold great promise. Here, we discovered that the harmless temporin G (TG) significantly inhibited the early life-cycle phases of influenza virus. The in vitro hemagglutinating test revealed the existence of TG interaction with the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Furthermore, the hemolysis inhibition assay and the molecular docking studies confirmed a TG/HA complex formation at the level of the conserved hydrophobic stem groove of HA. Remarkably, these findings highlight the ability of TG to block the conformational rearrangements of HA2 subunit, which are essential for the viral envelope fusion with intracellular endocytic vesicles, thereby neutralizing the virus entry into the host cell. In comparison, in the case of parainfluenza virus, which penetrates host cells upon a membrane-fusion process, addition of TG to infected cells provoked ~1.2 log reduction of viral titer released in the supernatant. Nevertheless, at the same condition, an immunofluorescent assay showed that the expression of viral hemagglutinin/neuraminidase protein was not significantly reduced. This suggested a peptide-mediated block of some late steps of viral replication and therefore the impairment of the extracellular release of viral particles. Overall, our results are the first demonstration of the ability of an AMP to interfere with the replication of respiratory viruses with a different mechanism of cell entry and will open a new avenue for the development of novel therapeutic approaches against a large variety of respiratory viruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2.

Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Findings in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) and acquired angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI-AAE) are types of bradykinin-mediated angioedema without wheals characterized by recurrent swelling episodes. Recent evidence suggests that a state of "vascular preconditioning" predisposes individuals to attacks, although no data are available on possible structural alterations of the vessels. Objective: This study aims to compare the features of nailfold capillaries to highlight possible structural anomalies between patients affected by C1-INH-HAE and controls and between patients with ACEI-AAE and hypertensive controls. METHODS: We used nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) to assess the following: apical, internal, and external diameter; loop length; intercapillary distance; and capillary density, distribution, and morphology. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, VEGF-C, angiopoietin (Ang) 1, and Ang2 were also measured. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls (n=28), C1-INH-HAE patients (n = 34) were characterized by significant structural alterations of the capillaries, such as greater intercapillary distance (216 vs 190 µm), increased apical, internal, and external diameter (28 vs 22 µm; 22 vs 20 µm; and 81 vs 65 µm, respectively), decreased density (4 vs 5 capillaries/mm2), more irregular capillary distribution, and more tortuous morphology. Apical diameter was enlarged in patients with ≥12 attacks per year. In ACEI-AAE patients, NVC showed no alterations with respect to hypertensive controls. NVC performed in 2 C1-INH-HAE patients during attacks showed no changes compared with the remission phase. CONCLUSIONS: We detected major structural capillary alterations in C1-INH-HAE patients, thus confirming the involvement of microcirculation in the pathogenesis of angioedema.

Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Findings in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema

Background: Hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) and acquired angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI-AAE) are types of bradykinin-mediated angioedema without wheals characterized by recurrent swelling episodes. Recent evidence suggests that a state of “vascular preconditioning” predisposes individuals to attacks, although no data are available on possible structural alterations of the vessels. Objective: This study aims to compare the features of nailfold capillaries to highlight possible structural anomalies between patients affected by C1-INH-HAE and controls and between patients with ACEI-AAE and hypertensive controls.Methods: We used nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) to assess the following: apical, internal, and external diameter; loop length; intercapillary distance; and capillary density, distribution, and morphology. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, VEGF-C, angiopoietin (Ang) 1, and Ang2 were also measured. Results: Compared with healthy controls (n=28), C1-INH-HAE patients (n = 34) were characterized by significant structural alterations of the capillaries, such as greater intercapillary distance (216 vs 190 μm), increased apical, internal, and external diameter (28 vs 22 μm; 22 vs 20 μm; and 81 vs 65 μm, respectively), decreased density (4 vs 5 capillaries/mm2), more irregular capillary distribution, and more tortuous morphology. Apical diameter was enlarged in patients with ≥12 attacks per year. In ACEI-AAE patients, NVC showed no alterations with respect to hypertensive controls. NVC performed in 2 C1-INH-HAE patients during attacks showed no changes compared with the remission phase. Conclusions: We detected major structural capillary alterations in C1-INH-HAE patients, thus confirming the involvement of microcirculation in the pathogenesis of angioedema (AU)

Antecedentes: Tanto el angioedema hereditario con deficiencia de inhibidor del C1 (C1-INH-HAE) como el angioedema adquiridorelacionado con los inhibidores de la ECA (ACEI-AAE), son dos tipos de angioedema mediados por bradicinina que cursan con episodiosde inflamación recurrente sin acompañarse de habones. Existe evidencia de la existencia de un estado de "preacondicionamiento vascular"que predispone a estos pacientes a los ataques, pero no hay datos disponibles sobre las posibles alteraciones estructurales de los vasos.Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo el evaluar las características de los capilares de la base ungueal para identificar posiblesanomalías estructurales en los pacientes afectados por C1-INH-HAE en comparación con la población sana, y en los pacientes con ACEIAAE en comparación con controles con hipertensión arterial.Métodos: Mediante videocapilaroscopia de la base ungueal (NVC), se evaluaron: los diámetros apical, interno y externo, la longitud delasa, la distancia intercapilar, la densidad capilar, su distribución y su morfología. También se midieron los niveles plasmáticos del factorde crecimiento endotelial vascular (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, angiopoyetina (Ang)1 y Ang2.Resultados: En los pacientes con C1-INH-HAE (n = 34) se observaron alteraciones estructurales de los capilares significativas, en comparacióncon los controles sanos (n = 28): mayor distancia intercapilar (216 frente a 190 µm), aumento del diámetro apical, interno y externo(28 frente a 22 µm; 22 frente a 20 µm; y 81 frente a 65 µm, respectivamente), disminución de la densidad (4 frente a 5 capilares/mm2),distribución capilar más irregular y una morfología más tortuosa. El diámetro apical fue mayor en aquellos pacientes con ≥12 ataques/año. En los pacientes con ACEI-AAE, las NVC no mostraron alteraciones al ser comparadas con las de los controles hipertensos. Las NVC realizadas en dos pacientes ...(AU)

Hay or silage? How the forage preservation method changes the volatile compounds and sensory properties of Caciocavallo cheese.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the forage preservation method (silage vs. hay) on volatile compounds and sensory properties of a traditional Caciocavallo cheese during ripening. A brown-midrib sudangrass hybrid was cultivated on a 7-ha field and at harvesting it was half ensiled in plastic silo bags and half dried to hay. Forty-four lactating cows were equally allotted into 2 groups fed a isonitrogenous and isoenergetic total mixed ration containing as the sole forage either sorghum hay (H group) or sorghum silage (S group). Milk from the 2 groups was used to produce 3 batches/diet of Caciocavallo ripened for 30, 60, and 90 d. Milk yield and composition as well as cheese chemical and fatty acid composition were not markedly affected by the diet treatment and ripening time. By contrast, ripening induced increased levels of the appearance attribute "yellowness," along with the "overall flavor," the odor/flavor attributes "butter" and "hay," the "salty," "bitter," and "umami" tastes, and the texture attribute "oiliness," whereas the appearance attribute "uniformity" and the texture attribute "elasticity" were reduced. The silage-based diet induced higher perceived intensities of several attributes such as "yellowness"; "overall flavor"; "butter"; "grass" and "hay" odor/flavors; "salty," "bitter," and "umami" tastes; and "tenderness" and "oiliness" textures. In S cheese we also observed higher amounts of ketones and fatty acids. Conversely, H cheese showed the terpene α-pinene, which was not detected in S cheese, and a higher intensity of the appearance attribute "uniformity." These differences allowed the trained panel to discriminate the products, determined an increased consumer liking for 90-d ripened cheese, and tended to increase consumer liking for hay cheese.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Associated Angioedema: From Bed to Bench.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema (ACEI-AAE) affects 0.1%-0.7% of patients treated with ACEIs. While previous research suggests that angioedema attacks result from increased vascular permeability, the pathogenesis is not completely understood. Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical, genetic, and laboratory parameters of ACEI-AAE patients and to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factors A and C (VEGF-A and VEGF-C), angiopoietins 1 and 2 (Ang1/Ang2), and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in the pathogenesis of ACEI-AAE. METHODS: The clinical and laboratory data of ACEI-AAE patients were collected from 2 angioedema reference centers. Healthy volunteers and ACEI-treated patients without angioedema were enrolled to compare laboratory parameters. Genetic analyses to detect mutations in the genes SERPING1, ANGPT1, PLG, and F12 were performed in a subset of patients. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients (57% male) were diagnosed with ACEI-AAE. The average time to onset of symptoms from the start of ACEI therapy was 3 years (range, 30 days-20 years). The most commonly affected sites were the lips (74.5%), tongue (51.9%), and face (41.2%). Switching from ACEIs to sartans was not associated with an increased risk of angioedema in patients with a history of ACEIAAE. VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and sPLA2 plasma levels were higher in ACEI-AAE patients than in the controls. Ang1/2 concentrations remained unchanged. No mutations were detected in the genes analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that sartans are a safe therapeutic alternative in ACEI-AAE patients. Increased concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and sPLA2 in ACEI-AAE patients suggest a possible role of these mediators in the pathogenesis of ACEI-AAE.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema: from bed to bench

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema (ACEI-AAE) affects 0.1%-0.7% of patients treated with ACEIs. While previous research suggests that angioedema attacks result from increased vascular permeability, the pathogenesis is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical, genetic, and laboratory parameters of ACEI-AAE patients and to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factors A and C (VEGF-A and VEGF-C), angiopoietins 1 and 2 (Ang1/Ang2), and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in the pathogenesis of ACEI-AAE. METHODS: The clinical and laboratory data of ACEI-AAE patients were collected from 2 angioedema reference centers. Healthy volunteers and ACEI-treated patients without angioedema were enrolled to compare laboratory parameters. Genetic analyses to detect mutations in the genes SERPING1, ANGPT1, PLG, and F12 were performed in a subset of patients. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients (57% male) were diagnosed with ACEI-AAE. The average time to onset of symptoms from the start of ACEI therapy was 3 years (range, 30 days-20 years). The most commonly affected sites were the lips (74.5%), tongue (51.9%), and face (41.2%). Switching from ACEIs to sartans was not associated with an increased risk of angioedema in patients with a history of ACEIAAE. VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and sPLA2 plasma levels were higher in ACEI-AAE patients than in the controls. Ang1/2 concentrations remained unchanged. No mutations were detected in the genes analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that sartans are a safe therapeutic alternative in ACEI-AAE patients. Increased concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and sPLA2 in ACEI-AAE patients suggest a possible role of these mediators in the pathogenesis of ACEI-AAE

ANTECEDENTES: El angioedema asociado al consumo de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA-AAE) ocurre en el 0,1%-0,7% de los pacientes tratados con IECA. Aunque se sugiere que los ataques de angioedema son el resultado de una mayor permeabilidad vascular, la patogénesis de este proceso no está plenamente esclarecida. OBJETIVO: En este trabajo se estudiaron los parámetros clínicos, genéticos y de laboratorio de pacientes con IECA-AAE, así como el papel de los factores de crecimiento endotelial vascular A y C (VEGF-A y VEGF-C), las angiopoyetinas 1 y 2 (Ang1/Ang2) y la fosfolipasa secretora A2 (sPLA2). MÉTODOS: Se recogieron datos clínicos y de laboratorio de pacientes con IECA-AAE procedentes de dos centros de referencia en angioedema. Se utilizaron pacientes control, que incluyeron a voluntarios sanos y a pacientes tratados con IECA sin angioedema, para comparar las concentraciones de los parámetros de laboratorio. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis genético en un subconjunto de pacientes para detectar mutaciones en los genes SERPING1, ANGPT1, PLG y F12. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron a 51 pacientes (57% hombres) con IECA-AAE. El tiempo promedio para el inicio de los síntomas desde el comienzo del tratamiento con IECA fue de 3 años (rango de 30 días a 20 años). Los lugares más comúnmente afectados fueron: labios (74,5%), lengua (51,9%) y cara (41,2%). El cambio de IECA a ARA-II no se asoció con un mayor riesgo de angioedema en pacientes con antecedentes de IECA-AAE. Los niveles plasmáticos de VEGF-A, VEGF-C y sPLA2 fueron más altos en pacientes con IECA-AAE que en los controles. No se detectaron cambios en las concentraciones de Ang1/Ang2, ni se detectaron mutaciones en los genes analizados. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos sugieren que los ARA-II pueden ser una alternativa terapéutica segura en pacientes con IECA-AAE. El aumento de las concentraciones de VEGF-A, VEGF-C y sPLA2 en pacientes con ACEI-AAE sugiere un posible papel de estos mediadores en la patogénesis de esta enfermedad

Experimental Evidence for Static Charge Density Waves in Iron Oxypnictides.

In this Letter we report high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscope analysis of Mn-substituted LaFeAsO samples, demonstrating that a static incommensurate modulated structure develops across the low-temperature orthorhombic phase, whose modulation wave vector depends on the Mn content. The incommensurate structural distortion is likely originating from a charge-density-wave instability, a periodic modulation of the density of conduction electrons associated with a modulation of the atomic positions. Our results add a new component in the physics of Fe-based superconductors, indicating that the density wave ordering is charge driven.

Imaging and structural studies of DNA-protein complexes and membrane ion channels.

In bio-imaging by electron microscopy, damage of the sample and limited contrast are the two main hurdles for reaching high image quality. We extend a new preparation method based on nanofabrication and super-hydrophobicity to the imaging and structural studies of nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes (DNA/Rad51 repair protein complex) and neuronal ion channels (gap-junction, K+ and GABAA channels) as paradigms of biological significance and increasing complexity. The preparation method is based on the liquid phase and is compatible with physiological conditions. Only in the very last stage, samples are dried for TEM analysis. Conventional TEM and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) were used to achieve a resolution of 3.3 and 1.5 Å, respectively. The EM dataset quality allows the determination of relevant structural and metrological information on the DNA structure, DNA-protein interactions and ion channels, allowing the identification of specific macromolecules and their structure.

Like a pig out of water: seaborne spread of domestic pigs in Southern Italy and Sardinia during the Bronze and Iron Ages.

Southern Italy has a long history of human occupation and passage of different cultures since the Early Holocene. Repeated, ancient introductions of pigs in several geographic areas in Europe make it difficult to understand pig translocation and domestication in Italy. The archeozoological record may provide fundamental information on this, hence shedding light on peopling and on trading among different ancient cultures in the Mediterranean. Yet, because of the scanty nature of the fossil record, ancient remains from human-associated animals are somewhat rare. Fortunately, ancient DNA analysis as applied to domestic species proved to be a powerful tool in revealing human migrations. Herein, we analyzed 80-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA control region from 27 Sus scrofa ancient samples retrieved from Southern Italian and Sardinian archeological sites, spanning in age from the Mesolithic to the Roman period. Our results surprisingly indicate the presence of the Near Eastern haplotype Y1 on both Italy's major islands (Sardinia and Sicily) during the Bronze Age, suggesting the seaborne transportation of domestic pigs by humans at least during 1600-1300 BC. The presence of the Italian E2 clade in domestic contexts shows that the indigenous wild boar was effectively domesticated or incorporated into domestic stocks in Southern Italy during the Bronze Age, although the E2 haplotype has never been found in modern domestic breeds. Pigs belonging to the endemic E2 clade were thus traded between the Peninsula and Sardinia by the end of the second millennium BC and this genetic signature is still detected in Sardinian feral pigs.

Efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulins in primary immunodeficiency with Crohn's-like phenotype: report of a case.

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the most frequent primary immunodeficiency in adults. In CVID, the prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations ranges between 2 and 50% with a complication-related morbidity second only to that of the respiratory tract. In some cases, clinical and endoscopic features are undistinguishable from those of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe the case of a 28-year-old man in which a diagnosis of Crohn's disease was firstly suspected. Subsequently, a diagnosis of Crohn's-like disease in a patient with CVID was made and a replacement therapy with human normal immunoglobulin intravenously was started. Unfortunately, serum IgG levels remained below 2.0 g/l in pre-infusional controls with persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms and malnutrition despite anti-inflammatory therapy (mesalazine, corticosteroids). Then, the patient began treatment with human normal immunoglobulins administered subcutaneously. The follow-up visits showed a progressive increase in serum IgG. Moreover, the patient reported improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms with reduction of diarrhoea, and laboratory tests showed a progressive and significant improvement. We confirm that therapy with subcutaneously administered immunoglobulins is safe and effective. In addition, our observations indicate that, for patients with CVID and enteropathic complications, replacement therapy with subcutaneous IgG may be the treatment of choice.

Expression and function of Angiopoietins and their tie receptors in human basophils and mast cells.

The Angiopoietin/Tie system is a key regulator of vascular remodeling, maturation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. In humans there are three angiopoietins: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), and Angiopoietin-4 (Ang4). Ang1 and Ang2 are the best characterized angiopoietins. The angiopoietin receptor system consists of two type I tyrosine kinase receptors (Tie1 and Tie2). Tie2 binds all known angiopoietins. We sought to characterize Ang1, Ang2, Tie1 and Tie2 expression and functions in human basophils and mast cells. Basophils, LAD-2 cells and Human Lung Mast Cells (HLMCs) constitutively express Ang1 and Ang2 mRNA. Intracellular staining for Ang1 and Ang2 was stronger in basophils than in mast cells. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated Ang1 in cytoplasmic vesicles of basophils. The protein kinase C activators phorbol diester (PMA) and bryostatin 1 (Bryo1) stimulated basophils to rapidly release a large amount of Ang1. PMA-induced Ang1 release was inhibited by brefeldin A. Tie1 and Tie2 mRNAs were expressed in basophils, LAD-2 and HLMCs. Basophils, LAD-2 and HLMCs expressed Tie1 on the cell surface. HLMCs and LAD-2 expressed Tie2 on the cell surface, whereas basophils did not. Ang1, but not Ang2, induced migration of mast cells through the engagement of Tie2. Neither Ang1 nor Ang2 induced basophil chemotaxis. We have identified a novel mechanism of cross-talk between human basophils and mast cells mediated by the Ang1/Tie2 system that might be relevant in the orchestration of inflammatory and neoplastic angiogenesis.

Laser synthesis of ligand-free bimetallic nanoparticles for plasmonic applications.

A picosecond laser ablation approach has been developed for the synthesis of ligand-free AuAg bimetallic NPs where the relative amount of Ag is controlled in situ through a laser shielding effect. Various measurements, such as optical spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, revealed the generation of homogenous 15 nm average size bimetallic NPs with different compositions and tunable localized surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, ligand-free metallic nanoparticles with respect to chemically synthesized nanoparticles display outstanding properties, i.e. featureless Raman background spectrum, which is a basic requirement in many plasmonic applications such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Various molecules were chemisorbed on the nanoparticle and SERS investigations were carried out, by varying the laser wavelength. The SERS enhancement factor for AuAg bimetallic NPs shows an enhancement factor of about 5.7 × 10(5) with respect to the flat AuAg surface.

Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and atopic dermatitis.

Angiogenesis and morphological and functional alterations of microvessels are hallmark features of chronic inflammatory disorders, including certain skin diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key regulators of blood vessel growth. The VEGF family includes VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D and placental growth factor. VEGF-A and -B are the most important proangiogenic factors, while VEGF-C and -D primarily regulate lymphangiogenesis. Angiopoietins are promoters of neovascularization by interacting with Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptors present on endothelial cells. High levels of VEGF-A have been detected in skin tissue of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and correlate with disease activity. The vascular changes in the skin of AD patients appear to be linked to the inflammatory process. Effector cells of skin inflammation (human mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, etc.) are major sources of a vast array of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. The role of lymphangiogenesis in AD is largely unknown.

Synthesis of branched Au nanoparticles with tunable near-infrared LSPR using a zwitterionic surfactant.

Asymmetric branched gold nanoparticles are obtained using for the first time in the seed-growth approach a zwitterionic surfactant, laurylsulfobetaine, whose concentration in the growth solution allows to control both the length to base-width ratio of the branches and the LSPR position, that can be tuned in the 700-1100 nm near infrared range.

Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in bronchial asthma.

Neovascularization plays a prominent role in inflammation and tissue remodeling in several chronic inflammatory disorders. Vessel number and size, vascular surface area and vascular leakage are all increased in biopsies from patients with asthma. High levels of VEGF and other angiogenic factors have been detected in tissues and biological samples of patients with asthma and correlate with disease activity and inversely with airway hyper-responsiveness. Inflammation in the lung stimulates the growth of new blood vessels and these contribute to the airway obstruction or airway hyper-responsiveness, or both. Effector cells of inflammation (human lung mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, etc.) are major sources of a vast array of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce vascularity and growth factor expression and might modulate bronchial vascular remodeling in asthma. Specific antagonists to VEGF and other angiogenic factors and their receptors might help to control chronic airway inflammation and vascular remodeling and offer a novel approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung disorders.

Immunocompromised patients with HBsAg a determinant mutants: comparison of HBsAg diagnostic assays.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is considered the best marker for the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Mutations of the s gene involving amino acid substitutions within the a determinant could affect the sensitivity of diagnostic tests. In the present study, HBsAg mutants were detected in 3 immunocompromised patients, previously found to be HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive. All patients had high levels of HBV-DNA, whereas HBsAg tests gave discordant results. Immunosuppression can cause viral reactivation of occult HBV infection in these patients and favour the selection of HBsAg a determinant mutants.

High- and low-frequency noise in Cs and in liquid metal ion sources.

Fundamental Physics space missions set rigid thrust noise limits for liquid metal ion thrusters used as actuators on drag-free platforms aboard the spacecraft. We have measured current-, voltage- and thrust noise of Cs and In LMIS, foreseen as prime candidates in these missions. In the high-frequency range, quasiperiodic oscillations around approximately 10(5)Hz can be observed for both types of emitters with frequency depending on emission current. In the low-frequency range (1-10(-3)Hz), which is particularly important for drag-free control, different types of noise events are observed, which in some instances show definite signs of deterministic chaos (period doubling, self-similarity). High-frequency current oscillations are generally ascribed to electro-hydrodynamic oscillations of the TAYLOR cone and the jet at its apex, with concomitant emission of charged nanodroplets. Comparison of theory and experiment shows unsatisfactory agreement in predicted vs. measured current oscillation frequencies and large disagreement in droplet emission frequencies. No theory is presently available for describing low-frequency noise events. In terms of a linearized Mair theory it is, however, shown that these noise events can be efficiently described by spontaneous variations in electrical emitter impedance. In spite of this impedance noise, the mission requirements for thrust noise (<0.1microN/Hz(1/2)) can be met by a thrust-stabilized In emitter.

Liquid-metal-ion source development for space propulsion at ARC.

The Austrian Research Centers have a long history of developing indium Liquid-Metal-Ion Source (LMIS) for space applications including spacecraft charging compensators, SIMS and propulsion. Specifically the application as a thruster requires long-term operation as well as high-current operation which is very challenging. Recently, we demonstrated the operation of a cluster of single LMIS at an average current of 100muA each for more than 4800h and developed models for tip erosion and droplet deposition suggesting that such a LMIS can operate up to 20,000h or more. In order to drastically increase the current, a porous multi-tip source that allows operation up to several mA was developed. Our paper will highlight the problem areas and challenges from our LMIS development focusing on space propulsion applications.