Cherubism and anaesthesia.

Respiratory complications are one of the main problems in paediatric anaesthesia. Cherubism is a rare fami-lial disease causing enlargement of the mandible that may be associated with difficult intubation [1, 2]. A 5-year-old, 20 kg, ASA 1, healthy girl was evaluated for anaesthesia requested for the removal of mandibular lesions (Figure 1). She had a positive family history of cherubism; her father and cousins were affected. Radiogra-phically, the lesions demonstrated multilocular, expansile radiolucencies with mandibular enlargement. The preoperative examination was unremarkable: normal neck flexion, no trismus, and a Mallampati score of 1. A venous catheter was inserted peripherally under N2O inhalation and transdermic lidocaine and prilocaine patch. The general anaesthesia combined sevoflurane and IV sufentanil. Nasotracheal intubation under direct laryngoscopy was uneventful. After the surgery, which lasted 120 minutes, she was admitted to the post anaesthesia care unit for 1 night and discharged the next day without any sequelae.

Woman and Anesthetist in Bir Hakeim.

Louise-Marie Lemanissier was a French physician who, after The Appeal of 18 June, joined with her husband the doctors of the Free French Forces (FFL) during World War II. The 1st Free French Division moved to Bir Hakeim on February 13, 1942, and the Lemanissier couple joined it in the Hadfield Spears Mobile Surgical Ambulance. Louise-Marie Lemanissier performed anesthesia among other duties. Anesthesia techniques seem to have been limited to the use of the Ombredanne's mask. After 17 days, the 1st Free French Division broke the siege on June 10, 1942, to join with the British troops. The couple returned to Syria until the end of war, and then returned to France. Louise-Marie Lemanissier passed her medical thesis in 1947, devoted to serotherapy in the treatment of Diphtheria. She died in 2007 in her hundredth year.

Peri-anaesthetic cardiac arrest with administration of enalapril, spironolactone and ß-blocker.

none.

[Post traumatic stress during World War I and literature]. / Syndrome post-traumatique lors de la première guerre mondiale et littérature.

World War I was the archetype of an industrial conflict and its consequences have been million dead, some heavily disabling physical traumatisms beside serious neurological/psychological suffering. Some of the sequels had been noticed during previous wars such as Crimea War, Civil War, Franco-Prussian War, and were labeled as shellshock. In literature (Céline, Virginia Woolf, William, March, Gughenno and so on) some situations or characters evoked disorders, which have been described later as post-traumatic syndrome.

[Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) and the "wound shock"]. / Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) et le "wound shock".

Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in 1889 in Vienna. As a scholar in Cambdrige University, his philosophical achievements are still major regarding the foundations of mathematics and language. In 1939, he took a job as a porter at London Guys' Hospital then under the Blitz. Wittgenstein met Drs. Grant and Reeve who worked in a dedicated "traumatic shock" under the auspices of the Medical Research Council unit, a unit which then moved to the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle; Wittgenstein followed them as a technician and improved the preparation of fine pieces of histology fixed by paraffin. He also invented a new device to record pulse pressure and paradoxical pulse search in laboratory rats. At the end of the war, he returned to Cambridge until 1949 and died in 1951.

Erratum to: Real-time ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in obese parturients.

Erratum to: Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth 2015 DOI 10.1007/s12630-015-0441-9. In the article entitled: "Real-time ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in obese parturients" published in the November 2015 issue, Can J Anesth 2015; DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0441-9, the name of the third author is incorrect and should read: Marc Edouard Gentili. The publisher apologizes most sincerely for this error.

[Early human transplants: 60th anniversary of the first successful kidney transplants]. / L'aube des greffes humaines : 60(e) anniversaire des premières transplantations rénales réussies.

First kidney transplant attempts begin with the 20th century: improving vascular sutures, understanding the phenomena of rejection or tolerance, then progress in HLA groups enable early success in the second half of the century. Definition of brain death, use of corticosteroids, radiotherapy and prime immunosuppressors promote the development of transplants. Discover of cyclosporine in the 1980s, and legislative developments augur a new era. Many advances are arising: use of stem cells from the donor, enhancement of Maastricht 3 donor or living donation. Finally organ transplantation remains an immense human adventure, but also scientific and ethic.