A triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin dyad versus a triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin triad for sensitizers in DSSCs.

Two porphyrin-chromophores, i.e. triad PorZn-(PorCOOH)(2)-(piper)2 (GZ-T1) and dyad (PorZn)(2)-NMe2 (GZ-T1), have been synthesized and their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been investigated. The optical properties together with the appropriate electronic energy levels, i.e. the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, revealed that both porphyrin assemblies can function as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The and -based DSSCs have been prepared and studied using 20 mM CDCA as coadsorbent and were found to exhibit an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.88% and 4.56%, respectively (under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm(-2) with TiO(2) films of 12 µm). The higher PCE of the -sensitized DSSC, as revealed from the current-voltage characteristic under illumination and the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the two DSSCs, is mainly attributed to its enhanced short circuit current (J(sc)), although both the open circuit voltage (V(oc)) and the fill factor are improved too. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) demonstrated a shorter electron transport time, longer electron lifetime and higher charge recombination resistance for the DSSC sensitized with the dye as well as a larger dye loading onto the TiO(2) surface.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production from a noble metal free system based on a water soluble porphyrin derivative and a cobaloxime catalyst.

A combination of noble-metal free components, a water soluble porphyrin photosensitizer zinc meso-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin chloride [ZnTMPyP(4+)]Cl4 (1) with cobaloxime complex [Co(III)(dmgH)2(py)Cl] (2) as a catalyst, creates an efficient system for photochemical hydrogen production acting under visible light with 280 TONs. This is the first example of a water soluble porphyrin acting as a photosensitizer for cobaloxime catalysed H2 production.

Borohydride, azide, and chloride anions as terminal ligands on Fe/Mo/S clusters. Synthesis, structure and characterization of [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3) MoFe3S4(X)2]2(Bu4N)4 and [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4 (PPr3)(X)]2(Bu4N)2 (X = N3-, BH4-, Cl-) double-fused cubanes. NMR reactivity studies of [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3) MoFe3S4(BH4)2]2(Bu4N)4.

Our explorations of the reactivity of Fe/Mo/S clusters of some relevance to the FeMoco nitrogenase have led to new double-fused cubane clusters with the Mo2Fe6S8 core as derivatives of the known (Cl4-cat)2Mo2Fe6S8(PPr3)6 (I) fused double cubane. The new clusters have been obtained by substitution reactions of the PPr3 ligands with Cl-, BH4-, and N3-. By careful control of the conditions of these reactions, the clusters [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(BH4)2]2(Bu4N)4 (II), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(PPr3)(BH4)]2(Bu4N)2 (III), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(N3)2]2(Bu4N)4 (IV), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(PPr3)(N3)]2(Bu4N)2 (V), and [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4Cl2]2(Et4N)4 (VI) have been obtained and structurally characterized. A study of their electrochemistry shows that the reduction potentials for the derivatives of I are shifted to more positive values than those of I, suggesting a stabilization of the reduced clusters by the anionic ligands BH4- and N3-. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we have explored the lability of the BH4- ligand in II in coordinating solvents and its hydridic character, which is apparent in its reactivity toward proton sources such as MeOH or PhOH.

Requirements for functional models of the iron hydrogenase active site: D2/H2O exchange activity in ((mu-SMe)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)2(PMe3)]2+)[BF4-].

Hydrogen uptake in hydrogenase enzymes can be assayed by H/D exchange reactivity in H(2)/D(2)O or H(2)/D(2)/H(2)O mixtures. Diiron(I) complexes that serve as structural models for the active site of iron hydrogenase are not active in such isotope scrambling but serve as precursors to Fe(II)Fe(II) complexes that are functional models of [Fe]H(2)ase. Using the same experimental protocol as used previously for ((mu-H)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)(+)), 1-H(+) (Zhao et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9710), we now report the results of studies of ((mu-SMe)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)(+)), 1-SMe(+), toward H/D exchange. The 1-SMe(+) complex can take up H(2) and catalyze the H/D exchange reaction in D(2)/H(2)O mixtures under photolytic, CO-loss conditions. Unlike 1-H(+), it does not catalyze H(2)/D(2) scrambling under anhydrous conditions. The molecular structure of 1-SMe(+) involves an elongated Fe.Fe separation, 3.11 A, relative to 2.58 A in 1-H(+). It is proposed that the strong SMe(-) bridging ligand results in catalytic activity localized on a single Fe(II) center, a scenario that is also a prominent possibility for the enzyme active site. The single requirement is an open site on Fe(II) available for binding of D(2) (or H(2)), followed by deprotonation by the external base H(2)O (or D(2)O).

The organometallic active site of [Fe]hydrogenase: models and entatic states.

The simple organometallic, (mu-S(2))Fe(2)(CO)(6), serves as a precursor to synthetic analogues of the chemically rudimentary iron-only hydrogenase enzyme active site. The fundamental properties of the (mu-SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)S)[Fe(CO)(3)](2) compound, including structural mobility and regioselectivity in cyanidecarbon monoxide substitution reactions, relate to the enzyme active site in the form of transition-state structures along reaction paths rather than ground-state structures. Even in the absence of protein-based active-site organization, the ground-state structural model complexes are shown to serve as hydrogenase enzyme reaction models, H(2) uptake and H(2) production, with the input of photo- or electrochemical energy, respectively.

Catalysis of H(2)/D(2) scrambling and other H/D exchange processes by [Fe]-hydrogenase model complexes.

Protonation of the [Fe]-hydrogenase model complex (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2) (pdt = SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)S) produces a species with a high field (1)H NMR resonance, isolated as the stable [(mu-H)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+)[PF(6)](-) salt. Structural characterization found little difference in the 2Fe2S butterfly cores, with Fe.Fe distances of 2.555(2) and 2.578(1) A for the Fe-Fe bonded neutral species and the bridging hydride species, respectively (Zhao, X.; Georgakaki, I. P.; Miller, M. L.; Yarbrough, J. C.; Darensbourg, M. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9710). Both are similar to the average Fe.Fe distance found in structures of three Fe-only hydrogenase active site 2Fe2S clusters: 2.6 A. A series of similar complexes (mu-edt)-, (mu-o-xyldt)-, and (mu-SEt)(2)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2) (edt = SCH(2)CH(2)S; o-xyldt = SCH(2)C(6)H(4)CH(2)S), (mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(2)Ph)](2), and their protonated derivatives likewise show uniformity in the Fe-Fe bond lengths of the neutral complexes and Fe.Fe distances in the cationic bridging hydrides. The positions of the PMe(3) and PMe(2)Ph ligands are dictated by the orientation of the S-C bonds in the (mu-SRS) or (mu-SR)(2) bridges and the subsequent steric hindrance of R. The Fe(II)(mu-H)Fe(II) complexes were compared for their ability to facilitate H/D exchange reactions, as have been used as assays of H(2)ase activity. In a reaction that is promoted by light but inhibited by CO, the [(mu-H)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+) complex shows H/D exchange activity with D(2), producing [(mu-D)(mu-pdt)[Fe(CO)(2)(PMe(3))](2)](+) in CH(2)Cl(2) and in acetone, but not in CH(3)CN. In the presence of light, H/D scrambling between D(2)O and H(2) is also promoted by the Fe(II)(mu-H)Fe(II) catalyst. The requirement of an open site suggests that the key step in the reactions involves D(2) or H(2) binding to Fe(II) followed by deprotonation by the internal hydride base, or by external water. As indicated by similar catalytic efficiencies of members of the series, the nature of the bridging thiolates has little influence on the reactions. Comparison to [Fe]H(2)ase enzyme active site redox levels suggests that at least one Fe(II) must be available for H(2) uptake while a reduced or an electron-rich Fe(I)Fe(I) metal-metal bonded redox level is required for proton uptake.

A FeIII /Oxo Cubane Contained in an Octanuclear Complex of T Symmetry That Is Stable Over Five Oxidation States.

Encapsulated in a protective [{Fe(pz)3 }4 ] outer layer, which provides the complex with structural stability, the octanuclear complex [Fe8 (µ4 -O)4 (µ-pz)12 Cl4 ] contains a Fe4 O4 core (see drawing) that withstands four consecutive reversible one-electron reductions. Iron-oxygen clusters are shown to possess redox properties which rival those of their better studied iron-sulfur analogues. pz=pyrazolate anion.