Changing incidence of reported viral hepatitis in China from 2004 to 2016: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: China's national hepatitis burden is high. This study aims to provide a detailed national-level description of the reported incidence of viral hepatitis in China during 2004-2016. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Data were obtained from China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System, and changing trends were estimated by joinpoint regression analysis. PARTICIPANTS: In this system, 16 927 233 reported viral hepatitis cases occurring during 2004-2016 were identified. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence rates per 100 000 person-years and changing trends were calculated. RESULTS: There were 16 927 233 new cases of viral hepatitis reported in China from 2004 to 2016. Hepatitis B (HBV) (n=13 543 137, 80.00%) and hepatitis C (HCV) (n=1 844 882, 10.90%) accounted for >90% of the cases. The overall annual percent change (APC) in reported cases of viral hepatitis and HBV were 0.3%(95% CI -2.0 to 0.8, p=0.6) and -0.2% (95% CI -1.6 to 1.2, p=0.8), respectively, showing a stable trend. HBV rates were highest in the 20-29 year old age group and lowest in younger individuals, likely resulting from the universal HBV vaccination. The reported incidence of HCV and hepatitis E (HEV) showed increasing trends; the APCs were 14.5% (95% CI 13.1 to 15.9, p<0.05) and 4.7% (95% CI 2.8 to 6.7, p<0.05), respectively. The hepatitis A (HAV) reporting incidence decreased, and the APC was -13.1% (95% CI -15.1 to -11.0, p<0.05). There were marked differences in the reporting of hepatitis among provinces. CONCLUSIONS: HBV continues to constitute the majority of viral hepatitis cases in China. Over the entire study period, the HBV reporting incidence was stable, the HCV and HEV incidence increased and the HAV incidence decreased. There were significant interprovincial disparities in the burden of viral hepatitis, with higher rates in economically less-developed areas. Vaccination is important for viral hepatitis prevention and control.

Predicting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence and Survival.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Beta blockers can inhibit tumor growth and metastases, while necroinflammation can enhance these tumor properties. The aim of this study was to determine whether beta blockers and necroinflammatory disease predict tumor recurrence and/or overall survival following potentially curative therapeutic interventions for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODOLOGY: The medical records of 36 adults with non-metastatic HCC who had undergone surgical resections and/or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) were retrospectively reviewed. In addition to post-intervention beta blocker usage and serum alanine aminotransferase levels greater than 2xULN, other variables commonly associated with recurrences such as number and size of tumors, state of differentiation and vascular invasion were included in univariate and multivariate analyses for recurrence and survival. RESULTS: Vascular invasion (OR 29.3, 95% CI 2.6-33.6) and surgical resection (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04-0.90) emerged from univariate (p = 0.003 and 0.03 respectively) and multivariate (p = 0.005 and 0.048 respectively) regression as predictors of tumor recurrence whereas beta blocker usage (OR 0.03, 95% CL 0.04-0.9, p = 0.03) and tumor recurrence (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.6-28.1, p = 0.026) correlated with overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Neither beta blocker usage nor serum ALT levels predict HCC recurrences, but beta blocker usage is associated with improved overall survival following potentially curative therapeutic interventions for HCC in adults.