The association between the introduction of quantitative assessment of postpartum blood loss and institutional changes in clinical practice: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Imprecise visual estimates of blood loss contribute to morbidity from postpartum hemorrhage. We examined the impact of quantitative assessment of postpartum blood loss on clinical practice and outcomes. METHODS: An observational study comparing blood loss, management and outcomes between two historical cohorts (August 2016 to January 2017 and August 2017 to January 2018) at an academic tertiary care center. Patients in the intervention group (second period) had blood loss quantified compared with visual estimation for controls. RESULTS: We included 7618 deliveries (intervention group n=3807; control group n=3811). There was an increase in the incidence of hemorrhage (blood loss >1 L) in the intervention group for both vaginal (2.2% vs 0.5%, P <0.001) and cesarean delivery (12.6% vs 6.4%, P <0.001). There was also a difference in median blood loss for vaginal (258 mL [151-384] vs 300 mL [300-350], P <0.001); and for cesarean delivery (702 mL [501-857] vs 800 mL [800-900], P <0.001). The median red blood cell units transfused was different in the intervention group having cesarean delivery (2 units [1-2] vs 2 units [2-2], P=0.043). Secondary uterotonic usage was greater in the intervention group for vaginal (22% vs 17.3%, P <0.001) but not cesarean delivery (7.0% vs 6.0%, P=0.177). Laboratory costs were different, but not the re-admission rate or length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying blood loss may result in increased vigilance for vaginal and cesarean delivery. We identified an association between quantifying blood loss and improved identification of postpartum hemorrhage, patient management steps and cost savings.

Risk factors and interventions associated with mortality or survival in adult COVID-19 patients admitted to critical care: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units have a high mortality rate, which appears to be associated with increasing age, male sex, smoking history, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Methods: A systematic review to determine risk factors and interventions associated with mortality/survival in adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181185).Results: The search identified 483 abstracts between 1 January and 7 April 2020, of which nine studies were included in the final review. Only one study was of low bias. Advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 11.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.35­18.62) and a history of hypertension were associated with mortality (OR 4.17, 95% CI 2.90­5.99). Sex was not associated with mortality. There was insufficient data to assess the association between other comorbidities, laboratory results or critical care risk indices and mortality.The critical care interventions of mechanical ventilation (OR 6.25, 95% CI 0.75­51.93), prone positioning during ventilation (OR 2.06, 95% CI 0.20­21.72), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (OR 8.00, 95% CI 0.69, 92.33) were not associated with mortality. The sample size was insufficient to conclusively determine the association between these interventions and ICUmortality. The need for inotropes or vasopressors was associated with mortality (OR 6.36, 95% CI 1.89­21.36). Conclusion: The studies provided little granular data to inform risk stratification or prognostication of patients requiring intensive

Glenoid loosening and migration in reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of different treatment options for glenoid loosening following reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) at a minimum follow-up of two years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied the records of 79 patients (19 men, 60 women; 84 shoulders) aged 70.4 years (21 to 87) treated for aseptic loosening of the glenosphere following RSA. Clinical evaluation included pre- and post-treatment active anterior elevation (AAE), external rotation, and Constant score. RESULTS: From the original cohort, 29 shoulders (35%) were treated conservatively, 27 shoulders (32%) were revised by revision of the glenosphere, and 28 shoulders (33%) were converted to hemiarthroplasty. At last follow-up, conservative treatment and glenoid revision significantly improved AAE, total Constant score, and pain, while hemiarthroplasty did not improve range of movement or clinical scores. Multivariable analysis confirmed that conservative treatment and glenoid revision achieved similar improvements in pain (glenoid revision vs conservative, beta 0.44; p = 0.834) but that outcomes were significantly worse following hemiarthroplasty (beta -5.00; p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: When possible, glenoid loosening after RSA should first be treated conservatively, then by glenosphere revision if necessary, and last by salvage hemiarthroplasty Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:461-469.

Revision rate after screw or plate arthrodesis of the glenohumeral joint.

INTRODUCTION: Glenohumeral arthrodesis is a rare salvage procedure for selected patients with different shoulder pathologies. Among a variety of surgical techniques, compression screws or plate fixation are most widely used. Minimally invasive screw fixation has become more popular, although it has been shown to be biomechanically inferior to plate arthrodesis. HYPOTHESIS: Screw arthrodesis would lead to a higher revision rate than plate arthrodesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven plate and 7 screw arthrodesis of the glenohumeral joint in 19 male and 15 female patients of a mean age of 50years (range, 16-85years) were reviewed in a retrospective multicenter study with at a follow-up of 43months (range, 11-152months) to compare their clinical and radiographic outcome with special focus on revision rate. RESULTS: Constant score did not change, but its subscore for pain significantly improved from 4.5 points (range, 0-15 points) to 11 points (range, 6-15 points). The subjective shoulder value increased significantly from 19% (range, 0-70%) to 41% (range, 10-80%) and 81% of the patients were satisfied. In 14 patients (41%), the arthrodesis had to be revised either for non-union (11) or malunion (3) at a mean of 12months (range, 0-47months). The 2 groups did not differ in terms of demographic data, nor of preoperative and postoperative clinical data. There were more revisions after screw than plate fixation. If revision was performed for non-union, this difference was significant. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: In selected patients, glenohumeral arthrodesis can significantly reduce pain and achieve at best a reasonable function and subjective satisfaction rate. Revision rates favor plate over isolated screw fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV retrospective series.

The acromiohumeral distance and the subacromial clearance are correlated to the glenoid version.

BACKGROUND: The acromiohumeral distance (ACHD) is a radiographic parameter for evaluating the presence of a rotator cuff rupture. Previous investigations have demonstrated that several factors may influence the magnitude of the acromiohumeral distance, but glenoid version has not yet been considered. HYPOTHESIS: Our hypothesis was that there is a direct correlation between glenoid version and acromiohumeral distance as well as subacromial clearance. METHODS: Four right glenohumeral joints from adult fresh cadavers were anatomically dissected to the level of the rotator cuff. After fixation to a board and positioning of the humeral head in neutral position, an osteotomy of the glenoid neck was carried out and the version was altered in steps of 5°. The ACHD as well as the subacromial clearance (SAC) were measured for every degree of glenoid version. RESULTS: The ACHD increased with increased anteversion and consistently decreased with increased retroversion of the glenoid. The SAC also depended on glenoid version. Neutral version was associated with a minimal clearance under the anterior third of the acromion, retroversion transferred the minimal SAC posteriorly and anteversion transferred minimal SAC under the coracoacromial ligament. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that glenoid version correlates directly with the magnitude of ACHD and SAC. Therefore, variations of glenoid version can lead to false interpretations of cuff integrity. TYPE OF STUDY: Biomechanical investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not possible to define.

Age, trauma and the critical shoulder angle accurately predict supraspinatus tendon tears.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff remains unclear. Apart from age and trauma, distinct scapular morphologies have been found to be associated with rotator cuff disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether a score formed using these established risk factors was able to predict the presence of a rotator cuff tear reliably. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed a consecutive series of patients with a minimal age of 40 years old, who had true antero-posterior (AP) radiographs of their shoulders, as well as a magnetic resonance (MR) gadolinium-arthrography, between January and December 2011. In all of these patients, the critical shoulder angle (CSA) was determined, and MR images were assessed for the presence of rotator cuff tears. Additionally, the patients' charts were reviewed to obtain details of symptom onset. Based on these factors, the so-called rotator cuff tear (RCT) score was calculated. RESULTS: Patients with full-thickness RCTs were significantly older and had significantly larger CSAs than patients with intact rotator cuffs. Multiple logistic regression, using trauma, age and CSA as independent variables, revealed areas under the curve (AUCs) for trauma of 0.55, for age of 0.65 and for CSA of 0.86. The combination of all three factors was the most powerful predictor, with an AUC of 0.92. CONCLUSION: Age, trauma and the CSA can accurately predict the presence of a posterosuperior RCT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Case series with no comparison groups.

Is there an association between the individual anatomy of the scapula and the development of rotator cuff tears or osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint?: A radiological study of the critical shoulder angle.

We hypothesised that a large acromial cover with an upwardly tilted glenoid fossa would be associated with degenerative rotator cuff tears (RCTs), and conversely, that a short acromion with an inferiorly inclined glenoid would be associated with glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA). This hypothesis was tested using a new radiological parameter, the critical shoulder angle (CSA), which combines the measurements of inclination of the glenoid and the lateral extension of the acromion (the acromion index). The CSA was measured on standardised radiographs of three groups: 1) a control group of 94 asymptomatic shoulders with normal rotator cuffs and no OA; 2) a group of 102 shoulders with MRI-documented full-thickness RCTs without OA; and 3) a group of 102 shoulders with primary OA and no RCTs noted during total shoulder replacement. The mean CSA was 33.1° (26.8° to 38.6°) in the control group, 38.0° (29.5° to 43.5°) in the RCT group and 28.1° (18.6° to 35.8°) in the OA group. Of patients with a CSA > 35°, 84% were in the RCT group and of those with a CSA < 30°, 93% were in the OA group. We therefore concluded that primary glenohumeral OA is associated with significantly smaller degenerative RCTs with significantly larger CSAs than asymptomatic shoulders without these pathologies. These findings suggest that individual quantitative anatomy may imply biomechanics that are likely to induce specific types of degenerative joint disorders.

Reamed intramedullary nailing of diaphyseal tibial fractures: comparison of compression and non-compression nailing.

BACKGROUND: Modern intramedullary implants provide the option to perform compression at the fracture gap in long bone fractures via a compression screw mechanism. The aim of this study was to assess if the application of interfragmentary compression in the intramedullary nailing of tibia fractures could increase the union rate and speed of fracture healing. METHODS: Sixty-three patients who suffered from an AO-type 42-A3 or 42-B2 fracture that was treated by reamed intramedullary nailing between 2003 and 2008 were included in this retrospective study. Twenty-five patients were treated with dynamic interlocking without compression while 38 were treated with compression nailing. The compression load of the dynamic proximal screw was calculated by postoperative X-ray and radiographs taken four weeks after operation. Healing was assessed by radiological evaluation until the completion of bony healing or the disappearance of clinical symptoms. Nonunion was defined as the absence of radiological union and the persistence of clinical symptoms after six months. RESULTS: Postoperative compression was applied at a mean load of 1,852 N, and 980 N remained after four weeks. In the compression group, 19 open and 19 closed fractures occurred. In the non-compression group, 25 patients were included (14 closed and 11 open cases). Active compression decreased healing time significantly. Nonunion occurred in one compression patient and three non-compression patients. CONCLUSION: The results show that additional compression of the fracture gap can improve healing outcome in simple transverse tibial shaft fractures treated with reamed nailing.

Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens.

AIMS: We investigated the antimicrobial effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil on organic leafy greens, romaine and iceberg lettuces and mature and baby spinach, inoculated with Salmonella Newport. The influences of exposure times and abuse temperatures on bacterial survival were also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Leaf samples were washed, inoculated with Salm. Newport (6-log CFUml(-1) ) and dried. Inoculated leaves were immersed in solutions containing 0·1, 0·3 or 0·5% lemongrass oil in phosphate-buffered saline for 1 or 2min and then individually incubated at 4 or 8°C. Samples were taken at day 0, 1 and 3 for the enumeration of survivors. Compared to the PBS control, romaine and iceberg lettuces, and mature and baby spinach samples showed between 0·6-1·5-log, 0·5-4·3-log, 0·5-2·5-log and 0·5-2·2-logCFUg(-1) reductions in Salm. Newport by day 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against Salm. Newport was concentration and time dependent. The antimicrobial activity increased with exposure time; iceberg samples treated for 2min generally showed greater reductions (P<0·05) than those treated for 1min (c.1-log reduction difference for 0·3 and 0·5% treatments). Few samples showed a difference between refrigeration and abuse temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates the potential of lemongrass oil solutions to inactivate Salm. Newport on organic leafy greens.

Anabolic steroids reduce muscle damage caused by rotator cuff tendon release in an experimental study in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Muscles of the rotator cuff undergo retraction, atrophy, and fatty infiltration after a chronic tear, and a rabbit model has been used to investigate these changes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the administration of anabolic steroids can diminish these muscular changes following experimental supraspinatus tendon release in the rabbit. METHODS: The supraspinatus tendon was released in twenty New Zealand White rabbits. Musculotendinous retraction was monitored over a period of six weeks. The seven animals in group I had no additional intervention, the six animals in group II had local and systemic administration of nandrolone decanoate, and the seven animals in group III had systemic administration of nandrolone decanoate during the six weeks. Two animals (group III) developed a postoperative infection and were excluded from the analysis. At the time that the animals were killed, in vivo muscle performance as well as imaging and histological muscle changes were investigated. RESULTS: The mean supraspinatus retraction was higher in group I (1.8 cm; 95% confidence interval: 1.64, 2.02 cm) than in group II (1.5 cm; 95% confidence interval: 1.29, 1.81 cm) or III (1.2 cm; 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.54 cm). Histologically, no fatty infiltration was measured in either treated group II (mean, 2.2%; range, 0% to 8%) or III (mean, 1%; range, 0% to 3.4%), but it was measured in the untreated group I (mean, 5.9%; range, 0% to 14.1%; p = 0.031). The radiographic cross-sectional area indicating atrophy and the work of the respective muscle during one standardized contraction with supramaximal stimulation decreased in all groups, but the work of the muscle was ultimately highest in group III. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of partial prevention of important muscle alterations after retraction of the supraspinatus musculotendinous unit caused by tendon disruption. Nandrolone decanoate administration in the phase after tendon release prevented fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus muscle and reduced functional muscle impairment caused by myotendinous retraction in this rabbit rotator cuff model, but two of seven rabbits that received the drug developed infections.

Negative muscle pennation angle as a sign of massive musculotendinous retraction after tendon tear: paradoxical function of the vastus lateralis muscle.

CASE REPORT: In the presented case, an isolated vastus lateralis tendon tear resulted in a negative pennation angle of the distal muscle fibers acting paradoxical to the physiological direction of the proximal muscle fibers. This observation makes the value of an in situ repair of a far retracted tendon tear with interposition of a graft questionable and emphasizes early over late anatomic surgical restoration of the muscle architecture after tendon tears.

A biomechanical evaluation of orthopaedic implants for hip fractures by finite element analysis and in-vitro tests.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a reinforced gamma nail for the fixation of subtrochanteric fractures would experience less stress during loading compared with a common gamma nail. The issue of whether the use of the stronger implant would result in more stress shielding in the surrounding bone was also addressed. A finite element analysis (FEA) of a synthetic bone was employed to calculate the stress distribution in implant and bone for two fracture types (AO 31-A3.1 and AO 31-A3.3). The FEA was validated by mechanical tests on six synthetic femurs. To test the hypothesis in vitro, mechanical tests on six pairs of fresh-frozen human femurs were conducted. The femurs were supplied with a common or a reinforced gamma nail in a cross-over study design. Strains were measured on the nail shaft to quantify the loading of the nail. The FEA resulted in 3-51 per cent lower stresses for the reinforced gamma nail. No increase in stress shielding could be observed. In the in-vitro tests, the reinforced gamma nail experienced less strain during loading (p < 0.016). The study demonstrated the benefit of a reinforced gamma nail in subtrochanteric fractures. It experienced less stress but did not result in more stress shielding.

The stability of a hip fracture determines the fatigue of an intramedullary nail.

The purpose of this study was to address the question of how the stability of a proximal hip fracture determines the fatigue and failure mechanism of an intramedullary implant. To answer this question, mechanical experiments and finite element simulations with two different loading scenarios were conducted. The two load scenarios differed in the mechanical support of the fracture by an artificial bone sleeve, representing the femoral head and neck. The experiments confirmed that an intramedullary nail fails at a lower load in an unstable fracture situation in the proximal femur than in a stable fracture. The nails with an unstable support failed at a load 28 per cent lower than the nails with a stable support by the femoral neck. Hence, the mechanical support of a fracture is crucial to the fatigue failure of an implant. The simulation showed why the fatigue fracture of the nail starts at the aperture of the lag screw. It is the location of the highest von Mises stress, which is the failure criterion for ductile materials.

Upregulation of alpha-skeletal muscle actin and myosin heavy polypeptide gene products in degenerating rotator cuff muscles.

Impaired function of shoulder muscles, resulting from rotator cuff tears, is associated with abnormal deposition of fat in muscle tissue, but corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms, likely reflected by altered gene expression profiles, are largely unknown. Here, an analysis of muscle gene expression was carried out by semiquantitative RT-PCR in total RNA extracts of supraspinatus biopsies collected from 60 patients prior to shoulder surgery. A significant increase of alpha-skeletal muscle actin (p = 0.0115) and of myosin heavy polypeptide 1 (p = 0.0147) gene transcripts was observed in parallel with progressive fat deposition in the muscle, assessed on parasagittal T1-weighted turbo-spin-echo magnetic resonance images according to Goutallier. Upregulation of alpha-skeletal muscle actin and of myosin heavy polypeptide-1 has been reported to be associated with increased muscle tissue metabolism and oxidative stress. The findings of the present study, therefore, challenge the hypothesis that increased fat deposition in rotator cuff muscle after injury reflects muscle degeneration.

Non-operative treatment of large anterior glenoid rim fractures after traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder.

The generally-accepted treatment for large, displaced fractures of the glenoid associated with traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder is operative repair. In this study, 14 consecutive patients with large (> 5 mm), displaced (> 2 mm) anteroinferior glenoid rim fractures were treated non-operatively if post-reduction radiographs showed a centred glenohumeral joint. After a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (2.8 to 8.4), the mean Constant score and subjective shoulder value were 98% (90% to 100%) and 97% (90% to 100%), respectively. There were no redislocations or subluxations, and the apprehension test was negative. All fragments healed with an average intra-articular step of 3.0 mm (0.5 to 11). No patient had symptoms of osteoarthritis, which was mild in two shoulders and moderate in one. Traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder, associated with a large displaced glenoid rim fracture can be successfully treated non-operatively, providing the glenohumeral joint is concentrically reduced on the anteroposterior radiograph.

Clinical and structural outcomes of nonoperative management of massive rotator cuff tears.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of massive rotator cuff tears is not well known. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and structural mid-term outcomes in a series of nonoperatively managed massive rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Nineteen consecutive patients (twelve men and seven women; average age, sixty-four years) with a massive rotator cuff tear, documented by magnetic resonance imaging, were identified retrospectively. There were six complete tears of two rotator cuff tendons and thirteen complete tears of three rotator cuff tendons. All patients were managed exclusively with nonoperative means. Nonoperative management was chosen when a patient had low functional demands and relatively few symptoms and/or if he or she refused to have surgery. For the purpose of this study, patients were examined clinically and with standard radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: After a mean duration of follow-up of forty-eight months, the mean relative Constant score was 83% and the mean subjective shoulder value was 68%. The score for pain averaged 11.5 points on a 0 to 15-point visual analogue scale in which 15 points represented no pain. The active range of motion did not change over time. Forward flexion and abduction averaged 136 degrees; external rotation, 39 degrees; and internal rotation, 66 degrees. Glenohumeral osteoarthritis progressed (p = 0.014), the acromiohumeral distance decreased (p = 0.005), the size of the tendon tear increased (p = 0.003), and fatty infiltration increased by approximately one stage in all three muscles (p = 0.001). Patients with a three-tendon tear showed more progression of osteoarthritis (p = 0.01) than did patients with a two-tendon tear. Four of the eight rotator cuff tears that were graded as reparable at the time of the diagnosis became irreparable at the time of final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a nonoperatively managed, moderately symptomatic massive rotator cuff tear can maintain satisfactory shoulder function for at least four years despite significant progression of degenerative structural joint changes. There is a risk of a reparable tear progressing to an irreparable tear within four years.

The role of the subscapularis in preventing anterior glenohumeral subluxation in the abducted, externally rotated position of the arm.

BACKGROUND: Current literature suggests that the subscapularis muscle is the main active stabilizer when the humerus is abducted and externally rotated. Conservative treatment of anterior shoulder instability therefore aims at strengthening this muscle. Empirical models, however, have questioned the role of the subscapularis muscle as it has been observed to potentially support dislocation of the subluxated humeral head. METHODS: Ten human shoulders were loaded with an anterior dislocating force and the effect of different subscapularis tensions on humeral translation was measured with the Motion Analysis system, for the abducted and externally rotated arm and neutral positions. Also, lines of action of the subscapularis segments were measured on a 3D epoxy model. FINDINGS: Shoulders in which the humeral head migrated antero-superiorly under an external antero-inferior load were observed to dislocate under simulated active subscapularis tension in both positions. In contrast, shoulders in which the head migrated antero-inferiorly remained stable. Twice as many specimens dislocated in the abducted - externally rotated position than in the neutral position. The change in line of action of the subscapularis may account for this change. INTERPRETATION: Exercises alone are unlikely to be adequate for all patients with anterior instability symptoms. Passive motion pattern of the humeral head might serve as an indicator as to whether the effect of strengthening the subscapularis might stabilize a shoulder without further operation. Development of a clinical test based on these findings might differentiate the non-operative from operative candidates among patients presenting with anterior instability of the shoulder.

Tendon retracts more than muscle in experimental chronic tears of the rotator cuff.

We released the infraspinatus tendons of six sheep, allowed retraction of the musculotendinous unit over a period of 40 weeks and then performed a repair. We studied retraction of the musculotendinous unit 35 weeks later using CT, MRI and macroscopic dissection. The tendon was retracted by a mean of 4.7 cm (3.8 to 5.1) 40 weeks after release and remained at a mean of 4.2 cm (3.3 to 4.7) 35 weeks after the repair. Retraction of the muscle was only a mean of 2.7 cm (2.0 to 3.3) and 1.7 cm (1.1 to 2.2) respectively at these two points. Thus, the musculotendinous junction had shifted distally by a mean of 2.5 cm (2.0 to 2.8) relative to the tendon. Sheep muscle showed an ability to compensate for approximately 60% of the tendon retraction in a hitherto unknown fashion. Such retraction may not be a quantitatively reliable indicator of retraction of the muscle and may overestimate the need for elongation of the musculotendinous unit during repair.

Single-stage bilateral total shoulder arthroplasty: a preliminary study.

We compared six patients with a mean age of 70 years (49 to 80) with severe bilateral, painful glenohumeral joint destruction who underwent a single-stage bilateral total shoulder replacement, with eight patients of mean age 61 years (22 to 89) who underwent bilateral total shoulder replacement in two stages, at a mean interval of 18 months (6 to 43). The overall function, pain and strength improved significantly in both groups. The subjective shoulder value, relative Constant score, active external rotation and the strength were improved significantly more in the single-stage group. Active elevation, abduction and overall function improved, significantly more in the single-stage group. Both the total duration of hospitalisation and the time off work per shoulder were substantially shorter in the single-stage group. The overall rate of complication was lower in the single-stage group. Our findings indicated that single-stage bilateral total shoulder replacement yielded significantly better clinical results with shorter hospitalisation and rehabilitation than staged replacement, and was not associated with any increase in complications.