Prolonged retention of prophylactic pancreatic stents is not associated with increased complications.

OBJECTIVES: The risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) can be reduced effectively by the placement of a self dislodging pancreatic stent. The present study analyzed whether a prolonged interval until stent passage evaluation and removal of retained stents is associated with an increased risk for clinically relevant complications. METHODS: In the retrospective study 182 patients receiving a pancreatic stent for PEP prophylaxis were included and clinical data and complications until documented spontaneous stent dislodgement or removal were analyzed. RESULTS: The main indication for ERCP was choledocholithiasis (40.1%) followed by malignant stenosis (30.8%). Stent passage evaluation was performed in 34.1% at day 1-4, 23.6% at day 5-10, 17.6% at day 11-28 and 24.7% at day >28. PEP occurred in 13.1% of patients with no case of severe PEP. No association between PEP and day of stent passage evaluation (p = 0.719), retention of the pancreatic stent at time of evaluation (0.867) or prolonged stent retention >10 days (0.234) was observed. Only the duration of the procedure was associated with risk for PEP (p = 0.037). Besides PEP only one clinically relevant complication was observed in the cohort (0.5%) which was a late possibly stent related pancreatitis at day 9 after the procedure that resolved completely. CONCLUSIONS: A prolonged interval for stent passage evaluation and stent retention is not associated with an increase of clinically relevant complications. A later evaluation and extraction of retained stents might be acceptable in selected cases where an additional endoscopic procedure can be saved due to a planned follow-up endoscopy.

Evaluation of 2D- Shear Wave Elastography for Characterisation of Focal Liver Lesions.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This is a prospective study for evaluation of 2D-shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) for characterisation and differentiation of benign und malignant focal liver lesions (FLLs). METHODS: The patients referred to our ultrasound unit were prospectively included. B-mode ultrasound and 2D-SWE (Aixplorer® France) were performed for one FLL in each patient. Liver histology and/or contrast-enhanced imaging were used as a reference method. RESULTS: 140 patients with FLL were included. SWE acquisitions failed in 24% of them. Therefore, 106 patients with FLL could be analysed, 42/106 with benign and 64/106 with malignant FLLs. The median stiffness for benign FLLs was 16.4 (2.1-71.9) kPa: 16.55 kPa for 18 focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), 16.35 kPa for 18 hemangioma, 9.8 kPa for 3 focal fatty sparings (FFS), 8.9 kPa for 1 adenoma, 20 kPa for one regenerative node and 29 kPa for one cholangiofibroma, and for the malignant FLLs 36 (4.1-142.9) kPa: 44.8 kPa for 16 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 70.7 kPa for 7 cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) and 29.5 kPa for the 41 metastasis (p<0.001). Malignant FLLs were significantly stiffer than benign FLLs (p<0.0001). Cholangiocarcinomas were the stiffest malignant FFLs with significantly higher values as compared to HCCs and metastases (p=0.033 and p=0.0079, respectively). No significant difference in stiffness could be observed between the different benign FLL entities. No significant difference was observed whether 2D-SWE included the whole FLL, the periphery or only the hardest area of the FLL. CONCLUSIONS: 2D-SWE provides further characterising information for interpretation of FLLs and may be useful at least in differentiation of CCCs and HCCs.

The prognostic significance of bacterial DNA in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and suspected infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Circulating and peritoneal fragments of microbial DNA (bactDNA) are evidence for bacterial translocation in decompensated cirrhosis and may serve as a rational approach for antibiotic therapy when infection is suspected. METHODS: Prospective multicenter study to investigate whether identification of bactDNA from blood or ascitic fluid (AF) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is associated with increased 90-day mortality in 218 patients with cirrhosis and signs of infection. RESULTS: BactDNA in either compartment was detected in 134 (61%) patients, comprising 54 with bactDNA in blood and AF, 48 with AF bactDNA only, and 32 with blood bactDNA only. BactDNA was associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and blood stream infections (SBP/BSI), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), encephalopathy and markers of inflammation. The prevalence of bactDNA in patients with proven SBP/BSI (36/49; 73%) was similar to that in patients with sterile ACLF (37/52; 71%). Actuarial 90-day survival was 56 ± 5% in the absence of bactDNA in both compartments and did not differ if bactDNA was detected in blood only (63 ± 9%), AF only (63 ± 7%), or in blood and AF (52 ± 7%). Predictors of 90-day mortality were SBP (HR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.90-5.06), BSI (HR = 4.94; 95% CI: 2.71-9.02), and ACLF (HR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.44-3.35). The detection of resistance genes in blood or AF in the absence of SBP/BSI (n = 11) was associated with poor 1-year survival (HR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.03-5.35). CONCLUSIONS: BactDNA in sterile body fluids did not indicate increased mortality in cirrhotic patients with suspected infection. Using multiplex PCR for risk stratification cannot be recommended in these patients.

Assessment of liver fibrosis with 2-D shear wave elastography in comparison to transient elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in patients with chronic liver disease.

Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2-D SWE) is an ultrasound-based elastography method integrated into a conventional ultrasound machine. It can evaluate larger regions of interest and, therefore, might be better at determining the overall fibrosis distribution. The aim of this prospective study was to compare 2-D SWE with the two best evaluated liver elastography methods, transient elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse (point SWE using acoustic radiation force impulse) imaging, in the same population group. The study included 132 patients with chronic hepatopathies, in which liver stiffness was evaluated using transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and 2-D SWE. The reference methods were liver biopsy for the assessment of liver fibrosis (n = 101) and magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis (n = 31). No significant difference in diagnostic accuracy, assessed as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), was found between the three elastography methods (2-D SWE, transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging) for the diagnosis of significant and advanced fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in the "per protocol" (AUROCs for fibrosis stages ≥2: 0.90, 0.95 and 0.91; for fibrosis stage [F] ≥3: 0.93, 0.95 and 0.94; for F = 4: 0.92, 0.96 and 0.92) and "intention to diagnose" cohort (AUROCs for F ≥2: 0.87, 0.92 and 0.91; for F ≥3: 0.91, 0.93 and 0.94; for F = 4: 0.88, 0.90 and 0.89). Therefore, 2-D SWE, ARFI imaging and transient elastography seem to be comparably good methods for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis.

New therapeutic strategies in HCV: polymerase inhibitors.

The characterization of the viral life cycle facilitated the development of directly acting antiviral drugs. Among those, several inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase have proven effectiveness in clinical trials. The characteristics of different nucleos(t)ide and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, as well as their clinical applications and combinations with other classes of directly acting antiviral drugs are reviewed herein.

Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for evaluation of antiviral treatment response in chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Antiviral therapy can stop progression of liver fibrosis and partially reverse it. Non-invasive methods have shown good diagnostic accuracies for the assessment of liver fibrosis. First studies have shown that transient elastography (TE) can be used to monitor fibrosis after antiviral therapy. Acoustic-Radiation-Force-Impulse (ARFI)-Imaging is an elastography method integrated in a conventional ultrasound machine. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate a significant difference of ARFI-values in patients with sustained-virological-response (SVR) as compared to patients without. METHOD: Ninety-eight patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) who had completed antiviral treatment were prospectively included in the study and received ARFI-imaging, TE and laboratory evaluation. RESULTS: Significantly lower ARFI and TE values were observed for 47 patients with SVR as compared to 51 patients without SVR (1.37 m/s vs. 2.00,p=0.0021; 4.9 kPa vs. 11.1 kPa,p<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Liver stiffness values and shear wave velocity using ultrasound-based elastography methods are different in patients with SVR as compared to patients without SVR after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. However, the causes of this difference (fibrosis regression, cytolysis, baseline fibrosis) remain unclear and require further evaluation in future studies.