Phase 2 study of gandotinib (LY2784544) in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: The Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are associated with increases in janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signaling, often resulting from the JAK2 V617F mutation. LY2784544 (gandotinib) is a potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2 that has potential dose-dependent selectivity for the JAK2 V617F mutation and may inhibit additional JAK2 mutant isoforms in nonclinical testing. METHODS: A multicenter, single-arm, outpatient phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of gandotinib administered to patients (120 mg once daily) with MPNs, including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF). Between May 2012 and March 2015, 138 patients received at least one dose of study drug. FINDINGS: Most frequent Grade 3 or 4 treatment-emergent adverse events that were considered study-drug related were anemia (11.6%), hyperuricemia (3.2%), fatigue (2.9%), diarrhea (2.2%), and thrombocytopenia (2.2%). Overall response rates (ORRs) in patients with JAK2 V617F-mutated PV, ET, and MF were 95%, 90.5%, and 9.1%, respectively, while patients with ET and MF without the JAK2 V617F mutations had ORRs of 43.7% and 0%, respectively. INTERPRETATIONS: LY2784544 demonstrated efficacy in JAK2 V617F-mutated MPNs, including in patients previously on ruxolitinib therapy, who had an ORR of 3.3%. At the 1-year visit, 44% of patients experienced a ≥50% improvement in the MPN-Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom Score, and 26% of patients had a 50% reduction in Brief Fatigue Inventory score.

Outcomes of patients with myelofibrosis treated with compassionate use pacritinib: a sponsor-independent international study.

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a chronic yet progressive myeloid neoplasm in which only a minority of patients undergo curative therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, is the lone therapy approved for MF, offering a clear symptom and spleen benefit at the expense of treatment-related cytopenias. Pacritinib (PAC), a multi-kinase inhibitor with specificity for JAK2, FLT3, and IRAK1 but sparing JAK1, has demonstrated clinical activity in MF with minimal myelosuppression. Due to an FDA-mandated full clinical hold, the randomized phase 3 PERSIST trials were abruptly stopped and PAC was immediately discontinued for all patients. Thirty-three patients benefitting from PAC on clinical trial prior to the hold were allowed to resume therapy on an individual, compassionate-use basis. This study reports the detailed outcomes of 19 of these PAC retreatment patients with a median follow-up of 8 months. Despite a median platelet count of 49 × 109/L at restart of PAC, no significant change in hematologic profile was observed. Grade 3/4 adverse events of epistaxis (n = 1), asymptomatic QT prolongation (n = 1), and bradycardia (n = 1) occurred in three patients within the first 3 months of retreatment. One death due to catheter-associated sepsis occurred. The median time to discontinuation of PAC therapy on compassionate use for all 33 patients was 12.2 (95% CI 8.3-NR) months. PAC retreatment was associated with modest improvement in splenomegaly without progressive myelosuppression and supports the continued development of this agent for the treatment of MF second line to ruxolitinib or in the setting of treatment-limiting thrombocytopenia.

Risk of developing chronic myeloid neoplasms in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with radioactive iodine.

Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), but such risks are not known in well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) patients treated with radioactive iodine (RAI). A total of 148 215 WDTC patients were identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries between 1973 and 2014, of whom 54% underwent definitive thyroidectomy and 46% received adjuvant RAI. With a median follow-up of 6.6 years, 77 and 66 WDTC patients developed MDS and MPN, respectively. Excess absolute risks for MDS and MPN from RAI treatment when compared to background rates in the US population were 6.6 and 8.1 cases per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Compared to background population rates, relative risks of developing MDS (3.85 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-7.6); P=0.0005) and MPN (3.13 (1.1-6.8); P=0.012) were significantly elevated in the second and third year following adjuvant RAI therapy, but not after thyroidectomy alone. The increased risk was significantly associated with WDTC size ⩾2 cm or regional disease. Development of MDS was associated with shorter median overall survival in WDTC survivors (10.3 vs 22.5 years; P<0.001). These data suggest that RAI treatment for WDTC is associated with increased risk of MDS with short latency and poor survival.

The relationship between eligibility criteria and adverse events in randomized controlled trials of hematologic malignancies.

To minimize adverse events (AEs) unrelated to drugs and maximize the likelihood of drug approvals, eligibility criteria for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be overly restrictive. The purpose of this study was to determine if RCTs in hematologic malignancies exclude patients irrespective of known toxicities or observed AEs. MEDLINE was searched from 1/2010 to 1/2015 for RCTs published in high-impact journals. Of 97 trials, 33% were conducted in leukemia, 28% in lymphoma, 34% in multiple myeloma and 5% in myelodysplastic syndromes or myelofibrosis. Expected toxicities at thresholds of ⩾10%, ⩾5% and <5% were not correlated with cardiac, hepatic or renal eligibility criteria (logistic regression). To explore this lack of correlation we tested the concordance of expected toxicities and eligibility criteria using a modified version of McNemar's test: at each threshold, hepatic, renal and cardiac expected toxicities were significantly discordant with eligibility criteria. Hepatic and renal eligibility criteria were also not correlated with observed AEs, P=0.69 and P=0.77, respectively, but a significant correlation was detected between cardiac eligibility criteria and observed AEs, P=0.02. Thus, the analyzed RCTs excluding patients with organ dysfunction do not reflect expected toxicities, based on prescription drug labels/prior experience, or reported AEs on the trials.

Incorporation of molecular data into the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System in treated patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

The Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) was developed for untreated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients based on clinical data. We created and validated a new model that incorporates mutational data to improve the predictive capacity of the IPSS-R in treated MDS patients. Clinical and mutational data from treated MDS patients diagnosed between January 2000 and January 2012 were used to develop the new prognostic system. A total of 508 patients were divided into training (n=333) and validation (n=175) cohorts. Independent significant prognostic factors for survival included age, IPSS-R, EZH2, SF3B1 and TP53. Weighted coefficients for each factor were used to build the new linear predictive model, which produced four prognostic groups: low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high with a median overall survival of 37.4, 23.2, 19.9 and 12.2 months, respectively, P<0.001. Significant improvement in the C-index of the new model (0.73) was observed compared with the IPSS-R (0.69). The new model predicted outcome both in a separate validation cohort and in another cohort of patients with paired samples at different time points during their disease course. The addition of mutational data to the IPSS-R makes it dynamic and enhances its predictive ability in treated MDS patients regardless of their initial or subsequent therapies.

Association of socioeconomic status with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes for lymphoma.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of disparities in health care. The association of SES with outcomes in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) has not been described previously. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 687 AHCT recipients with lymphoma transplanted between 2003 and 2013. Patients were categorized into low (<$50 000/year) and high SES (⩾$50 000/year). A greater proportion of low SES patients lived farther away from our center (median 54 vs 28 miles), belonged to a racial minority (12 vs 3%), had poorer performance status (4 vs 1%) and had high-risk disease at AHCT (9 vs 5%). Median follow-up was 53 months. In univariable analysis, low SES patients had significantly higher relapse mortality and lower OS and PFS. This was confirmed on multivariable analysis for relapse mortality (HR for high vs low SES: 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-0.99), P=0.05), OS (HR 0.74 (0.58-0.95), P=0.02) and PFS (HR 0.77 (0.63-0.95), P=0.02). In multivariable analysis of ⩾1-year progression-free survivors, high SES patients had better OS (HR 0.73, P=0.05 vs low SES) that was primarily driven by a trend toward lower risk of non-relapse mortality (HR 0.62, P=0.06). SES is associated with outcomes of AHCT in patients with lymphoma.

Association of socioeconomic status with long-term outcomes in 1-year survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

The relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) with long-term outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors has not been well described. We studied the association of SES with the outcomes of 283 consecutive allogeneic HCT recipients transplanted between 2003 and 2012 who had survived for at least 1 year in remission. Median annual household income was estimated using Census tract data and from ZIP code of residence. SES categories were determined by recursive partitioning analysis (low SES (<$51 000/year), N=203; high SES (⩾$51 000/year), N=80). In multivariable analyses, low SES patients had higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.98, P=0.012) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) (HR 2.22, P=0.028), but similar risks of relapse mortality (HR 1.01, P=0.97) compared with high SES patients. A trend toward better survival and lower NRM for high SES patients with no chronic GVHD was observed; low SES patients without GVHD had similar survival as patients with chronic GVHD. In allogeneic HCT survivors who survive in remission for at least 1 year, SES is associated with long-term survival that is primarily mediated through higher risks of NRM. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms of health-care disparities and interventions to mitigate them.

Prognostic significance of pre-transplant quality of life in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients.

Quality of life (QOL) is an important outcome for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. Whether pre-HCT QOL adds prognostic information to patient and disease related risk factors has not been well described. We investigated the association of pre-HCT QOL with relapse, non-relapse mortality (NRM), and overall mortality after allogeneic HCT. From 2003 to 2012, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant Scale instrument was administered before transplantation to 409 first allogeneic HCT recipients. We examined the association of the three outcomes with (1) individual QOL domains, (2) trial outcome index (TOI) and (3) total score. In multivariable models with individual domains, functional well-being (hazard ratio (HR) 0.95, P=0.025) and additional concerns (HR 1.39, P=0.002) were associated with reduced risk of relapse, no domain was associated with NRM, and better physical well-being was associated with reduced risk of overall mortality (HR 0.97, P=0.04). TOI was not associated with relapse or NRM but was associated with reduced risk of overall mortality (HR 0.93, P=0.05). Total score was not associated with any of the three outcomes. HCT-comorbidity index score was prognostic for greater risk of relapse and mortality but not NRM. QOL assessments, particularly physical functioning and functional well-being, may provide independent prognostic information beyond standard clinical measures in allogeneic HCT recipients.