RESUMO
The rise of private food standards has brought forth an ongoing debate about whether they work as a barrier for smallholders and hinder poverty reduction in developing countries. This paper uses a global value chain approach to explain the relationship between value chain structure and agrifood safety and quality standards and to discuss the challenges and possibilities this entails for the upgrading of smallholders. It maps four potential value chain scenarios depending on the degree of concentration in the markets for agrifood supply (farmers and manufacturers) and demand (supermarkets and other food retailers) and discusses the impact of lead firms and key intermediaries on smallholders in different chain situations. Each scenario is illustrated with case examples. Theoretical and policy issues are discussed, along with proposals for future research in terms of industry structure, private governance, and sustainable value chains.
Assuntos
Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/tendências , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Modelos Econométricos , HumanosRESUMO
This article examines the structure and health implications of two industries, chicken and tomatoes, that play prominent roles in US food and agricultural competitiveness. Both industries have become more concentrated over time, with powerful "lead firms" driving geographical, technological, and marketing changes. Overall, a processed food revolution has taken place in agricultural products that transforms the types of food and dietary options available to consumers. The nature of contemporary food and agricultural value chains affects the strategies and policies that can be effectively employed to address major health goals such as improved nutrition, food safety, and food security.
RESUMO
El presente documento con base en las investigaciones preliminares, describe el análisis de importaciones al país de principios activos; el consumo de medicamentos por niveles de desagregación en Cusco y Cajamarca e insumos críticos(AU)
Assuntos
Preparações Farmacêuticas , Diagnóstico da Situação de Saúde , Assistência Farmacêutica , Assistência Farmacêutica , PeruRESUMO
El presente documento con base en las investigaciones preliminares, describe el análisis de importaciones al país de principios activos; el consumo de medicamentos por niveles de desagregación en Cusco y Cajamarca e insumos críticos
Assuntos
Assistência Farmacêutica , Diagnóstico da Situação de Saúde , Preparações Farmacêuticas , PeruRESUMO
Pharmaceuticals represent about 15-20 percent of total health sector expenditures in Peru. This proportion is lower than in most other countries, and the shortage of medicines and other pharmecutical supplies is a major constraint to the effective dilivery of services, especially through public health and social security programs. While about 35 percent and 12 percent, respectively, of the population have access to these two health care programs, only about 20 percent of all pharmeceuticals are distributed through public health and social security facilities. For the most part, Peruvians purchase their medications from private pharmacies. A long-standing attempt by the government in Peru to provide free or low-cost basic medicines to the population through public health and social security has been largely unseccessful. Private sector availability of pharmaceuticals, however, has also become increasingly difficult, due to the rising cost of imported materials and governmental price controls on products sold through private pharmacies. This technical report, prepared as part of the HSA-Peru, will review the evolution of low-cost, generic drug programs in relation to the importation and domestic production under price controls of pharmeceuticals in Peru
This report has been prepared with the financial support of US Agency for International Development (USAID)