Relationships of the Big Five facets and dysfunctional attitudes with depression.

There are two parallel lines of research on the relationship between personality and depression, one based on the Big Five personality model and one on Beck's cognitive theory of depression. However, no study has jointly examined the dimensions and facets of the Big Five and the dysfunctional attitudes of Beck's theory. This was the objective of the present study. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-A), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) were applied to 221 adults from the Spanish general population (53.7% females; mean age: 38.3 years). Various multiple linear regression analyses revealed that only the facet of depression was significantly related to depressive symptomatology. The different associations of the broad and specific personality traits and the need to control as many third variables as possible to prevent the finding of spurious relationships are discussed.

Complicated Grief in a Spanish Sample of Victims of Terrorism: Evidence of Validity of the Inventory of Complicated Grief.

The Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) is the most widely used instrument to measure complicated grief (CG), but its psychometric properties have hardly been examined in relatives of those who died by violent means. The objective of this study was to obtain evidence of validity of the ICG in a relatives of those who died due to terrorist attacks in Spain. The factorial structure, internal consistency, and relationship with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were analyzed in a Spanish sample of 211 relatives of people who died in terrorist attacks. The ICG presented a one-factor structure that supports the validity of its total score. This score showed excellent internal consistency indices (alpha = .927; omega = .932) and adequate correlation indices with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress (r = .71, .63 and .76, respectively). The ICG provides reliable and valid measures of CG in adults who have lost a family member due to violent death.

Long-Term Posttraumatic Growth in Victims of Terrorism in Spain.

Background: Scientific literature on posttraumatic growth (PTG) after terrorist attacks has primarily focused on persons who had not been directly exposed to terrorist attacks or persons who had been directly exposed to them, but who were assessed few months or years after the attacks. Methods: We examined long-term PTG in 210 adults directly exposed to terrorist attacks in Spain a mean of 29.6 years after the attacks (range: 2-47 years). The participants had been injured by a terrorist attack (38.6%) or were first-degree relatives of people who had been killed or injured by a terrorist attack (41.4% and 20%, respectively). They completed diagnostic measures of emotional disorders and measures of PTSD and depression symptomatology, optimism, and PTG. Results: Multiple regression analyses revealed gender differences (women reported higher levels of PTG than did men) and a positive linear relationship between PTG and cumulative trauma after the terrorist attack. Some PTG dimensions were significantly associated with PTSD symptomatology, these associations being linear, not curvilinear. However, PTG was not associated with depression symptomatology, diagnosis of emotional disorders, age, elapsed time since the attack, or optimism. In comparison with survivors assessed 18 years after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, Spanish victims of terrorism showed higher levels of appreciation of life, but lower levels of relating to others and spiritual change. Conclusion: The findings underscore the influence of gender on PTG and provide support to the hypothesis that some emotional distress may be a necessary condition of PTG. Future studies on PTG after terrorist attacks should take into consideration the characteristics of the terrorist attack itself and the contexts of violence and threat in which it occurred. The political, social, and cultural characteristics of the community affected by it and the profile and characteristics of other traumatic events suffered after the attack should also be taken into account in further research.

Desarrollo de la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Traumáticas (EADT) para víctimas de terrorismo / Development of the traumatic dysfunctional attitude scale (EADT) for victims of terrorism

Introduction and objectives. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological disorder in victims of terrorism. Cognitive models of PTSD postulate that dysfunctional attitudes play a fundamental role in its etiology, maintenance, and treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a self-report instrument to assess traumatic dysfunctional attitudes typical of victims of terrorism: the Traumatic Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EADT by its original Spanish acronym). Materials and method. The EADT items were extracted from 480 recorded hours of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy administered to 59 victims of terrorism with PTSD and after an analysis of items’ content and intelligibility by a group of psychologists. A preliminary 84-item version was administered to a sample of 253 victims of terrorism along with measures of PTSD, depression, and depressive dysfunctional attitudes. Results. A series of factorial and reliability analyses on the preliminary version allowed one to arrive at a definitive version composed of 34 items and three correlated factors: dangerous world, negative view of society and the human being, and chronicity of distress. The psychometric analyses of the definitive version revealed good evidence concerning the internal structure of the test, score internal consistency, the differentiation of known groups, and the relationships with conceptually related constructs. Conclusions. The EADT is a simple instrument whose scores have good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess, both in research and applied contexts, the dysfunctional attitudes that victims of terrorism may present.

Introducción y objetivos. El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es el trastorno psicológico más frecuente en las víctimas del terrorismo. Los modelos cognitivos del TEPT postulan que las actitudes disfuncionales desempeñan un papel fundamental en su etiología, mantenimiento y tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento de autoinforme para evaluar las actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas específicas de las víctimas del terrorismo: la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Traumáticas (EADT). Materiales y método. Los ítems de la EADT fueron extraídos de 480 horas grabadas de terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma aplicada a 59 víctimas del terrorismo con TEPT y tras un análisis del contenido e inteligibilidad de los ítems por un grupo de psicólogos. Una versión preliminar de 84 ítems se aplicó a una muestra de 253 víctimas del terrorismo junto con medidas de TEPT, depresión y actitudes disfuncionales depresivas. Resultados. Una serie de análisis factoriales y de fiabilidad sobre la versión preliminar permitió llegar a una versión definitiva compuesta por 34 ítems y tres factores correlacionados: mundo peligroso, visión negativa de la sociedad y del ser humano, y cronificación del malestar. Los análisis psicométricos de la versión definitiva revelaron buenos datos empíricos para la estructura interna de la EADT, la consistencia interna de sus puntuaciones, la diferenciación de grupos contrastados y las relaciones con constructos conceptualmente relacionados. Conclusiones. La EADT es un instrumento sencillo cuyas medidas presentan buenas propiedades psicométricas y pueden ser útiles para evaluar, tanto en contextos de investigación como aplicados, las actitudes disfuncionales que pueden presentar las víctimas del terrorismo.

La Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL) en víctimas del terrorismo: análisis comparativo de las propiedades psicométricas de su aplicación telefónica frente a presencial / The PTSD Checklist (PCL) in victims of terrorism: Comparative analysis of the psychometric properties of its administration by telephone vs. in person

Introducción y objetivos: En muchas situaciones tales como las de confinamiento provocadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19, es imposible aplicar los instrumentos psicológicos presencialmente, como originalmente se concibieron. Sin embargo, el modo de aplicación puede afectar a las propiedades psicométricas de las medidas de un instrumento. La Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (del inglés PTSD Checklist; en adelante PCL) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar presencialmente la sintomatología del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Este es el primer estudio que analiza y compara la estructura factorial, consistencia interna y validez diagnóstica, nomológica y de grupos contrastados de las medidas de la PCL aplicada presencial y telefónicamente. Material y métodos: Se administró la PCL en ambos formatos a una muestra de 634 personas víctimas del terrorismo junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: Las puntuaciones de ambas formas de aplicación de la PCL presentan una misma estructura unifactorial, índices excelentes de consistencia interna (alfa > .90) e índices muy buenos de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90); ambas discriminan significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88–2.84) entre víctimas con TEPT, con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y sin trastornos, y ambas presentan correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de otros constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación: depresión y ansiedad. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la PCL se puede aplicar telefónicamente con las mismas garantías psicométricas que presencialmente.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: In many situations, such as confinement situations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not possible to administer psychological instruments in person, as originally contemplated in their development. However, the mode of administration can affect the psychometric properties of instrument scores. The PTSD Checklist (PCL) is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in person. This study is the first research that has analyzed and compared the factorial structure, the internal consistency, the validity of contrasted groups, the diagnostic validity, and the nomological validity of scores on the PCL administered in person and by telephone. Material and methods: The PCL was administered in both application modes to a sample of 634 victims of terrorism along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results: Scores on both administration modes of the PCL have the same unifactorial structure, excellent indexes of internal consistency (alpha > .90) and very good indexes of diagnostic validity to identify the PTSD (AUC > .90), discriminate significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88–2.84) between victims with PTSD, with depressive or anxiety disorders and without disorders, and present significant and large correlations with measures of other constructs with which PTSD is closely related, namely depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The results suggest that the PCL can be administered over the telephone with the same psychometric guarantees as in person.(AU)

Duelo complicado: Una revisión sistemática de la prevalencia, diagnóstico, factores de riesgo y de protección en población adulta de España / Complicated grief: A systematic review of the prevalence, diagnosis, risk and protective factors in the adult population of Spain

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue revisar el estado de la investigación psicopatológica del duelo complicado en población adulta de España. Una búsqueda sistemática en PsycINFO, PsycArticles, PTSDpubs y PSICODOC identificó 13 estudios en los que, en conjunto, se había evaluado a 1,655 adultos. Los resultados de esta revisión ponen de manifiesto que no existe consenso en el diagnóstico de duelo complicado, en el uso de instrumentos de detección ni en los factores de riesgo y protección del duelo complicado. La prevalencia media ponderada basada en 6 de los estudios revisados fue de 21,53%. Tomando en consideración el tipo de instrumento de medida del duelo utilizado, se obtuvo una prevalencia de 7,67-10,68% en aquellos estudios que utilizaban instrumentos diagnósticos y de 28,77% en los instrumentos sintomáticos. Los resultados indican que el duelo complicado se relaciona con: un menor nivel socioeconómico y situación laboral desfavorable, la pérdida de un hijo o cónyuge, menor edad del fallecido, vulnerabilidad psicológica previa, consumo de psicofármacos y comorbilidad con otros trastornos. El apoyo social, los cuidados paliativos, las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema, el empleo de actividades agradables y la trascendencia o espiritualidad se presentan como factores protectores

The main objective of this research was to review the status of the psychopathological research of complicated grief in adult population of Spain, specifically the prevalence and risk factors. A systematic review of PsycINFO, PsycArticles, PTSDpubs, and PSICODOC databases identified 12 studies in which, overall, 1.627 adults had been evaluated. The results of this review show that there is no consensus about the diagnosis of complicated grief, the use of detection instruments, or the risk and protective factors for complicated grief. The weighted mean prevalence based on 6 of the reviewed studies was 21.53%. Taking into account the type of grief measurement used, a prevalence of 7.67 - 10.68% was obtained in those studies that used diagnostic instruments, and 28.77% in those using symptomatic instruments. The results indicate that complicated grief is related to: a lower socioeconomic level and unfavorable work situation, the loss of a child or spouse, younger age of the deceased, previous psychological vulnerability, the use of psychotropic medication, and comorbidity with other disorders. Social support, palliative care, problem-centered coping strategies, the use of pleasant activities, and transcendence or spirituality are shown as protective factors

Prevalence of Psychopathy in the General Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The main objective of this study was to systematically and meta-analytically review the scientific literature on the prevalence of psychopathy in the general adult population. A search in PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and PSICODOC identified 15 studies published as of June 2021. Altogether, 16 samples of adults totaling 11,497 people were evaluated. Joint prevalence rates were calculated using reverse variance heterogeneity models. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine whether the type of instrument, sex, type of sample, and country influenced prevalence. The meta-analytical results obtained allow us to estimate the prevalence rate of psychopathy in the general adult population at 4.5%. That being said, this rate varies depending on the participants' sex (higher in males), the type of sample from the general population (higher in samples from organizations than in community samples or university students), and the type of instrument used to define psychopathy. In fact, using the PCL-R, which is currently considered the "gold standard" for the assessment and definition of psychopathy, the prevalence is only 1.2%. These results are discussed in the context of the different theoretical perspectives and the existing problems when it comes to defining the construct of psychopathy.

Growing Up With Terrorism: The Age at Which a Terrorist Attack Was Suffered and Emotional Disorders in Adulthood.

Abundant scientific literature shows that exposure to traumatic situations during childhood or adolescence has long-term psychopathological consequences, for example, in the form of a higher prevalence of emotional disorders in adulthood. However, an evolutionary perspective suggests that there may be differential vulnerabilities depending on the age at which the trauma was suffered. As there are no studies on the psychopathological impact in adulthood of attacks suffered during childhood or adolescence, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the age at which a terrorist attack was suffered in the presence of emotional disorders many years after the attack. A sample of 566 direct and indirect victims of terrorist attacks in Spain was recruited, of whom 50 people were between the age of 3 and 9 when they suffered the attack, 46 were between 10 and 17 years old, and 470 were adults. All of them underwent a structured diagnostic interview (SCID-I-VC) an average of 21 years after the attacks. No significant differences were found between the three age groups at which the attack occurred in terms of the current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, or anxiety disorders. The results of several multiple binary logistic regression analyses also indicated that, after controlling for the effect of sex, current age, the type of victims, and the time since the attack, the age at which the attack was suffered was not related to the current prevalence of those emotional disorders. The results are discussed concerning the differences between various types of trauma and in the context of the theories that propose that traumatic experiences are processed differently at different ages and can lead to differences in the likelihood of developing different emotional disorders.

Desarrollo de una versión breve de la PTSD Checklist (PCL) basada en la definición de trastorno de estrés postraumático de la CIE-11 / Development of a short version of the PTSD (PCL) based on the ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder

Introducción y objetivos. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue desarrollar, a partir de la Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL), una medida de autoinforme de la sintomatología de estrés postraumático basada en los criterios sintomáticos de la CIE-11 para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron siete ítems de la PCL para formar la PCL-CIE-11 y se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de 634 víctimas del terrorismo a las que se aplicó la versión específica de la PCL (PCL-S) junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados. La PCL-CIE-11 muestra una estructura unifactorial con buenos índices de ajuste que se replica en dos submuestras de víctimas creadas aleatoriamente a partir de la muestra global, y presenta índices excelentes o muy buenos de consistencia interna (α > .85) y de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90 y kappa ≥ .75). La escala también discrimina significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) entre víctimas con TEPT, víctimas con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y víctimas sin trastornos, presenta correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de depresión y ansiedad, dos constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación, y muestra una correlación muy elevada, de .95, con la PCL-S completa. Conclusiones. La PCL-CIE-11 es una versión breve de la PCL-S que presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser útil para evaluar la presencia y gravedad de la sintomatología del TEPT tanto desde la perspectiva del DSM como de la CIE-11.(AU)

Introduction and objectives. The main objective of the present study was to develop, from the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms based on the ICD-11 symptomatic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Material and methods. Seven PCL items were selected to develop the PCL-ICD-11, and its psychometric properties were analyzed in a sample of 634 victims of terrorism who completed the specific version of the PCL (PCL-S) along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results. The results indicate that the PCL-ICD-11 shows a unifactorial structure with good fit indices that is replicated in two subsamples of victims created randomly from the global sample. The PCL-ICD-11 shows excellent indices of internal consistency (α > .85) and very good indices of diagnostic validity to identify PTSD (AUC > .90 and kappa ≥ .75), discriminates significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) between victims with PTSD, victims with depressive or anxiety disorders and victims without disorders, presents significant and large correlations with measures of depression and anxiety, two constructs with which PTSD it is closely related, and shows a very high correlation of .95 with the complete PCL-S. Conclusions. The PCL-ICD-11 is a short version of the PCL-S that has good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess the presence and severity of PTSD symptoms from both the DSM and ICD-11 perspectives.(AU)

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders / Efectividad de la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma para víctimas de terrorismo con trastornos emocionales a muy largo plazo

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. METHOD: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). RESULTS: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N = 50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n = 31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n = 22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d = 1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders

ANTECEDENTES: no hay estudios publicados sobre la utilidad clínica de la psicoterapia para víctimas del terrorismo con trastornos emocionales muchos años después del atentado. MÉTODO: se administró terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma a 50 víctimas de atentados ocurridos una media de 23 años antes y que presentaban aislada o concurrentemente trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT; 74%), depresivo mayor (54%), de angustia (38%) u otros trastornos de ansiedad (38%). RESULTADOS: según un análisis de intención de tratar, esos porcentajes disminuyeron significativamente al año a 24% (TEPT y depresión mayor), 16% (trastorno de angustia) y 14% (trastornos de ansiedad). Según un análisis con datos completos, en el postratamiento ninguna víctima (n = 31) presentaba ya trastorno depresivo mayor o de angustia y solo un 3,2% TEPT y un 9,7% otros trastornos de ansiedad, mientras que al año ninguna víctima presentaba trastornos (n = 22). En el postratamiento y en los seguimientos a 1, 3 y 6 meses y al año, hubo descensos en sintomatología de TEPT, depresión y ansiedad estadística y clínicamente significativos y grandes (d = 1.26 a 2.52 al año). CONCLUSIONES: los tratamientos eficaces para víctimas recientes también son útiles en la práctica clínica en víctimas con trastornos emocionales a muy largo plazo

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. METHOD: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). RESULTS: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N=50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n=31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n=22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d=1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

Porque el Tiempo no lo Cura Todo: Eficacia de la Terapia Cognitivo-conductual Centrada en el Trauma para el Estrés postraumático a muy Largo Plazo en Víctimas de Terrorismo / Because time does not heal all wounds: Efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for very long-term posttraumatic stress in victims of terrorism

Ciento veinte víctimas del terrorismo que habían sufrido un atentado como media 18 años antes y que presentaban sintomatología o trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) fueron aleatorizadas a 16 sesiones de terapia cognitivoconductual centrada en el trauma (TCC-CT) o a lista de espera. Ninguna de las víctimas que completó el tratamiento presentaba un diagnóstico de TEPT en el postratamiento; estas víctimas mostraban niveles de sintomatología de estrés postraumático significativamente menores en el postratamiento que en el pretratamiento, con una diferencia prepost grande (d = 1.39) y un 78.3% de ellas mostraban niveles normales en el postratamiento. Estos resultados fueron significativamente mejores que los del grupo control, siendo la diferencia tratamiento-control grande (d = 0.91). La TCC-CT es eficaz y representa actualmente el tratamiento de elección para víctimas del terrorismo que sufren TEPT o sintomatología de estrés postraumático, incluso a muy largo plazo, entre 6 y 51 años después del atentado

One hundred and twenty victims of terrorism who had suffered a terrorist attack an average of 18 years ago and who mainly had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or posttraumatic stress symptomatology were randomized to a 16-session trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) or to a waiting-list control group. No victim who completed treatment had a PTSD diagnosis at posttreatment; these victims showed significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptomatology at posttreatment than at pretreatment, with a large pre-posttreatment difference (d = 1.39), and 78.3% of them showed normal levels of symptomatology at posttreatment. These results were significantly better than those of the control group, with a large treatment-control difference (d = 0.91). TF-CBT is efficacious and is currently the treatment of choice for victims of terrorism who suffer from PTSD or posttraumatic stress symptomatology, even in the very long term, between 6 and 51 years after the terrorist attack

Eficacia y utilidad clínica de los tratamientos para las víctimas adultas de atentados terroristas: una revisión Sistemática / Efficacy and clinical utility (effectiveness) of treatments for adult victims of terrorist attacks: a systematic review

Se presenta una revisión sobre la eficacia y utilidad clinica de los tratamientos para los trastornos mentales en victimas adultas del terrorismo. Una busqueda en PsycINFO, PILOTS y MEDLINE encontro ocho estudios, todos sobre el trastorno por estres postraumatico (TEPT): siete sobre la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma y uno sobre la de exposicion en combinación con un inhibidor selectivo de la recaptacion de serotonina, pero ninguno sobre otros farmacos, otras terapias psicologicas no cognitivo conductuales u otros trastornos mentales. Los resultados sugieren que: (a) la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma no solo es eficaz y util en la practica clínica para el tratamiento del TEPT en victimas adultas del terrorismo, sino actualmente la terapia de eleccion y (b) la investigacion futura deberia desarrollar, adaptar y probar tratamientos para los otros trastornos mentales que pueden sufrir las victimas del terrorismo (p. ej., trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad, duelo complicado) y para las victimas de los paises no desarrollados y no occidentales que son los que sufren en mayor medida el terrorismo

A review of the efficacy and clinical utility (effectiveness) of the treatments for mental disorders in adult victims of terrorism is presented. A search in PsycINFO, PILOTS and MEDLINE found eight studies, all of them on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): seven on trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and one on exposure therapy in combination with a selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, but none on other medications, other non-cognitive-behavioral psychological therapies or other mental disorders. The results of this review suggest that: (a) trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is not only efficacious and useful in clinical practice for the treatment of PTSD in victims of terrorism, but also currently the therapy of choice, and (b) future research should develop, adapt and test treatments for other mental disorders that victims of terrorism may suffer from (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders, complicated grief) and for victims of non-developed, non-Western countries that are the countries that suffer most from terrorism

Criterios y baremos para interpretar el "Inventario de depresión de Beck-II" (BDI-II) / Criteria and norms for interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)

Se presentan dos estudios que ofrecen criterios y baremos para interpretar las puntuaciones de la adaptación española del BDI-II. El objetivo del estudio 1 fuevalidar las puntuaciones de corte originales del BDI-II para distinguir distintos niveles de gravedad de la depresión y buscar las mejores puntuaciones de corte para la adaptación española. Para ello, 215 pacientes españoles con diversos trastornos psicológicos completaron el BDI-II y se les aplicó una escala de heteroevaluación con la cual los psicólogos que les atendían valoraron lagravedad de su depresión. Los resultados de estas valoraciones validaron los niveles de depresión definidos por las puntuaciones de corte originales del BDI-II; además, mediante curvas ROC, se obtuvieron unas puntuaciones de corte para la adaptación española prácticamente iguales a aquellas. El objetivo del estudio 2 fue elaborar tablas de puntuaciones centiles a partir de tres muestras españolas: 712 pacientes con trastornos psicológicos, 569 adultos de la población general y 727 estudiantes universitarios. Se discuten las ventajas de la utilización combinada de los criterios y baremos propuestos, pues ambos ofrecen información complementaria

This paper reports two studies providing criteria and norms to interpret scores on the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II. The first study was aimed at validating the original BDI-II cut-off scores to distinguish levels of depression severity and at finding the best cut-off scores for the Spanish adaptation. To getthese aims, 215 Spanish patients with a variety of psychological disorders filled out the BDI-II and a clinician-rated scale was administered by their psychologists to assess the severity of patients’ depression. The results of these clinician ratings validated the depression levels defined by the original BDI-II cut-off scores; in addition, by means of ROC curves, it was found that cut-off scores for the Spanish adaptation were practically equal to those for the original BDI-II. The aim of the second study was to develop tables of percentiles with three Spanish samples: 712 patients with psychological disorders, 569 adults from the general population and 727 university students. The advantages of the combined use of the proposed criteria and norms are discussed since they provide complementary information