Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children: Experience From a Low- and Middle-Income Country.

Objective Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening condition especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study was done to evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors of HLH in patients presenting to our center. Methods The study was carried out at the Paediatric Oncology Department of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. All cases of HLH, from one month to 15 years of age enrolled between January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2023, were included. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (released 2017, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis, and t-test and chi-square tests were used for comparison between continuous and categorical variables. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Results Out of 115 patients, seven (6%) abandoned the treatment. The data of 108 cases, including 58 males (53.7%), were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis was 31.5 ± 39.03 months. The mean time to reach a pediatric oncologist was 30.20 ± 22.15 days. Fever and pallor were common symptoms occurring in 107 (99.1%) and 98 (90.7%) cases, respectively. Jaundice was present in 44 (40.7%), visceromegaly in 64 (59.3%), and bruising/bleeding in 16 cases (14.8%). Twenty-six (24.1%) patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), out of which 17 (65.4%) children were cured. Overall survival at two years, five years, and 10 years was 38%, 37%, and 36.1%, respectively. Disease-free survival at two years, five years, and 10 years was 33.3%, 32.4%, and 31.5%, respectively. Conclusion HLH leads to high mortality due to delayed or misdiagnosis in LMICs. Early diagnosis and early referral to a pediatric oncologist is the detrimental factor in survival for HLH. HSCT is the treatment of choice for primary, refractory, or relapse cases.

Real-World Challenges of Haplo-Identical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in a Developing Country: A Single Center Experience.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is potentially, the sole curative option for many malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. Finding a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatible donor remains one of the limiting factors, hampering the utilization of HSCT. However, the introduction of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has improved the outcomes of haploidentical transplants making it a suitable option for patients lacking HLA-compatible donors. We collected data from 44 patients who underwent haplo-identical allogeneic stem cell transplants at the Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center/National Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplant (AFBMTC/NIBMT) from the year 2015 to 2022. The diseases were divided into three categories, i.e., bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes, hematological malignancies (HM) and miscellaneous (Misc) groups. Median age at transplant was 18 (01-39) years. Transplant indications included aplastic anemia (AA) in 21 (47.7%) cases, 15 (34.1%) HM, and eight (18.2%) cases falling in the Misc groups. A maximum number of graft failures occurred in the BMF group; primary graft failure in 07 (33.3%) cases and secondary graft failure in four (19%) cases, (p-value < 0.05). Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) grade II-IV occurred in nine (20.5%) cases while chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) occurred in 10 (22.7%) cases. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation was seen in 31 (70.5%) cases. Maximum CMV reactivation was seen in HM group 13 (86.6%) cases, (p-value < 0.05) as compared to BMF (71.4%) and Misc groups (37.5%). Post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) based regimens, early neutrophil engraftment, and patients with GVHD had better survival outcomes (p-value < 0.05) overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS). and GVHD-free relapse-free survival (GFRS) were significantly better in cases with early neutrophil engraftment. OS of the study cohort was 50% while disease-free survival (DFS) and GFRS were 45.5% and 36.4%, respectively.

Comparison of Steady-State Bone Marrow and GCSF-Primed Stem Cell Sources Used in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare donor graft characteristics and clinical outcomes in recipients of allogeneic heamatopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using GCSF primed bone marrow (GBM) and steady-state bone marrow (SBM) as stem cell sources. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Clinical Haematology, Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from August 2018 to October 2020. METHODOLOGY: Eighty patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT were analysed. Among these, forty each received GBM and SBM from HLA identical siblings. Graft characteristics, such as total nucleated cells, CD34+ cell yield; clinical outcomes such as neutrophil and platelet engraftment, primary and secondary graft failure (GF), as well as the frequency of acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD), were recorded and compared using the t-test, with significance at p <0.05. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed in CD34+ dose with median dose 7.68 (p=0.002) but not in TNC dose with meadin dose 5 (p=0.86). Neutrophil engraftment occurred much more quickly with median of 13.43 days in the GBM than SBM group (p=0.025). While no statistically significant difference (p=0.89) in platelet engraftment was reported in both SBM and GBM. At the same time, patients with both GBM and SBM transplants showed a comparable ratio of acute to chronic GvHD and primary to secondary GF. CONCLUSION: GBM is associated with better CD34+ stem cell yield and quicker neutrophil engraftment in clinical outcomes. KEY WORDS: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Bone marrow, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Outcomes of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Beta Thalassemia Major with Fully Matched Parents as Donor.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of beta thalassemia major (BTM) patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cells (HSCT), with fully matched parents as donors vs. matched sibling donors (MSD). STUDY DESIGN: Observational Study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January 2013 to July 2023. METHODOLOGY: Group A consisted of BTM patients who underwent HSCT with fully matched siblings as donors, and Group B consisted of BTM patients who underwent HSCT with fully matched parents as donors. Study data included the age and gender of both recipients and donors, source and dose of stem cells infused, and stage and grades of acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD). All patients received Myeloablative conditioning regimen (MAC). Data were collected to assess patients' demographics, response to HSCT, remission rate, disease free survival (DFS), relapse, and GvHD free survival (GRFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The mean age of the 54 patients was 5.90 ± 3.29 years. The mean TNC and CD34 doses were 4.99 + 1.13 and 5.42 + 3.70, respectively. Mean time for neutrophil engraftment in both groups was 14.88 + 4.51 days and platelets engraftment was 23.0 + 5.35 days. Most common cause of death was neutropenic sepsis followed by aGVHD. Seven patients had graft rejection. There was no significant association found between graft rejection with donor relation though graft rejection was higher in OS in this study was 70.4%. OS was equal in both groups. Disease free survival was superior in MSD (63%) than parent group (57.7%). CONCLUSION: Allogenic bone marrow transplantation with parents as donors in BTM patients yields outcomes comparable to those with matched sibling donors. This finding is especially relevant in regions like Pakistan, where donor registries and high-resolution HLA typing may be limited. KEY WORDS: Beta thalassemia major, Haematopoietic stem cell transplant, Post-transplant outcome.

Capacity building for pediatric neuro-oncology in Pakistan- a project by my child matters program of Foundation S.

Introduction: Initiated in June 2019, this collaborative effort involved 15 public and private sector hospitals in Pakistan. The primary objective was to enhance the capacity for pediatric neuro-oncology (PNO) care, supported by a My Child Matters/Foundation S grant. Methods: We aimed to establish and operate Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards (MTBs) on a national scale, covering 76% of the population (185.7 million people). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, MTBs transitioned to videoconferencing. Fifteen hospitals with essential infrastructure participated, holding monthly sessions addressing diagnostic and treatment challenges. Patient cases were anonymized for confidentiality. Educational initiatives, originally planned as in-person events, shifted to a virtual format, enabling continued implementation and collaboration despite pandemic constraints. Results: A total of 124 meetings were conducted, addressing 545 cases. To augment knowledge, awareness, and expertise, over 40 longitudinal lectures were organized for healthcare professionals engaged in PNO care. Additionally, two symposia with international collaborators and keynote speakers were also held to raise national awareness. The project achieved significant milestones, including the development of standardized national treatment protocols for low-grade glioma, medulloblastoma, and high-grade glioma. Further protocols are currently under development. Notably, Pakistan's first pediatric neuro-oncology fellowship program was launched, producing two graduates and increasing the number of trained pediatric neuro-oncologists in the country to three. Discussion: The initiative exemplifies the potential for capacity building in PNO within low-middle income countries. Success is attributed to intra-national twinning programs, emphasizing collaborative efforts. Efforts are underway to establish a national case registry for PNO, ensuring a comprehensive and organized approach to monitoring and managing cases. This collaborative initiative, supported by the My Child Matters/Foundation S grant, showcases the success of capacity building in pediatric neuro-oncology in low-middle income countries. The establishment of treatment protocols, fellowship programs, and regional tumor boards highlights the potential for sustainable improvements in PNO care.

Incidence, management and outcome of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive disease /Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in Thalassemia major patients: A prospective study of Pakistani BMT.

Objectives: Hepatic Veno occlusive disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS), is a post-transplant life threatening complication. In this study, we aimed to discuss the incidence, management and outcome of VOD in post allogenic transplant patients of beta thalassemia major (BTM). Methods: A prospective study was conducted in Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center, between 2001-2022. A total of 385 fully Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) matched BTM patients, with Ursodeoxycholic acid for prophylaxis, were included in the study. Incidence of VOD was calculated through cumulative incidence estimates. Chi square test and Mann Whitney test were used to compare discrete and continuous variables respectively. VOD was diagnosed and graded according to European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation EBMT Pediatric diagnostic criteria. Risk factors for VOD were grouped as recipient, transplant and donor related. Univariate analysis was performed by log-rank test. All patients who developed VOD were managed primarily with fluid restriction and strict input output monitoring. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v 25.0. Results: Out of 385 transplant patients, forty developed VOD. Median time from date of transplant till onset of VOD was 14 days (range 6-30). Cumulative incidence of all grade VOD was 10.39% (95% CI, 7-14). Eleven out of 40 patients who developed VOD died. Cumulative incidence of Transplant related mortality (TRM) for patients with and VOD was 20.5% (95% CI, 16.6-25.1) vs 27.5% (95% CI, 16.1-42) (p value 0.318) respectively. Among risk factors, age of recipient and fibrosis (p value of 0.04 and 0.000 respectively) were found to be significantly associated with VOD. Conclusions: Careful selection of transplant candidates before transplant can help reduce the incidence of VOD.

Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Trends in Pakistan: Activity Survey from Pakistan Bone Marrow Transplant Group.

Pakistan is the fifth most populous country with a population of 225 million and has health expenditure accounting for only 2.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Accordingly, there are a limited number of haematology-oncology and transplant centers in the country. The Pakistan Blood and Marrow Transplant (PBMT) group was established in 2020, and this report is the first activity survey from January 2021 to December 2022 focusing on the trends of matched-related donor, haploidentical, and autologous transplants in a developing country. A total of 12 transplant centers contributed data on the modified PBMT survey form retrospectively and 806 haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs) were carried out during the study duration. Allogeneic HSCT constituted 595 (73.8%) of all the transplants; this is in stark contrast to Western data, where autologous HSCT accounts for the majority of transplants. ß-thalassemia major and aplastic anemia were the commonest indications for allogeneic HSCT, in contrast to Western data, where acute leukemia is the leading transplant indication. Autologous transplants were more frequently performed for Hodgkin's lymphoma as compared to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The use of peripheral and bone marrow stem cells was comparable. A myeloablative conditioning regimen was routinely used in patients with acute leukemia. This report provides an insight of HSCT trends in Pakistan which are different from those of Western centers contributing to transplant data from South Asia.

Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors: 10 Years' Experience From a Low- and Middle-Income Country.

PURPOSE: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents around 70% of pediatric leukemia. In high-income countries, the 5-year survival is above 90%, but survival in low- and middle-income countries is inferior. This study documents the treatment outcome and prognostic factors of pediatric ALL in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, all newly diagnosed patients with ALL/lymphoblastic lymphoma from age 1 to 16 years enrolled between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, were included. The treatment was based on the standard arm of the UKALL2011 protocol. RESULTS: Data from 945 patients with ALL, including 597 males (63.2%), were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.73 ± 3.51 years. Pallor was the commonest presentation in 95.2% followed by fever in 84.2% of patients. The mean WBC count was 56.6 ± 103.4 × 109/L. Neutropenic fever followed by myopathy was the most common complication during induction. In univariate analysis, the high WBC count (P ≤ 0.001), intensive chemotherapy (P ≤ 0.001), malnutrition (P = .007), poor response to induction chemotherapy (P = .001), delayed presentation (P = .004), and use of steroids before chemotherapy (P = .023) significantly adversely affected overall survival (OS). The delayed presentation was the most significant prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (P ≤ .002). After a median follow-up of 54.64 ± 33.80 months, the 5-year OS and disease-free survival (DFS) were 69.9% and 67.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this largest cohort of childhood ALL from Pakistan, a high WBC count, malnutrition, delayed presentation, previous steroids use, intensive chemotherapy, and poor response to the induction chemotherapy were associated with decreased OS and DFS rates.

Cytomegalovirus Infection Post-Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Experience from a Country with High Seropositivity.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Limited data are available from developing countries regarding the frequency of CMV infection and treatment outcomes. We enrolled 230 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT for various hematologic disorders at the Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center/National Institute of Blood And Marrow Transplant between February 2017 and December 202. CMV reactivation post-HSCT was monitored weekly starting at day +30 and continuing until day +100, and preemptive antiviral therapy was administered to prevent CMV disease in all HSCT recipients with ≥2000 CMV copies/mL. The median age of the study cohort was 9.5 years (range, .6 to 53 years), and the male:female ratio was 2.4:1. The most frequent indication for HSCT was beta thalassemia major (36.1%), followed by aplastic anemia (23.9%). Malignant disorders constituted 20% of all the patients. Pretransplantation CMV seropositivity was 99.1% for the recipients and 99.5% for the donors. CMV infection was seen in 66.1% of the patients, and the median time to CMV DNAemia was 36 days (range, 12 to 95 days). Preemptive antiviral therapy was administered to 140 patients with a CMV viral load ≥2000 copies/mL (61%). In multivariate analysis, patient age >12 years, steroid administration, and use of mycophenolate mofetil with or without post-transplantation cyclophosphamide was associated with the greatest probability of CMV reactivation. Overall survival was 97.4% in patients without CMV reactivation, compared to 80.3% in those with CMV reactivation (P = .001). Event-free survival was 78.7% in the total study cohort, including 89.7% for patients without CMV reactivation and 73% for patients with CMV reactivation (P = .003). Our study is the first from this region to explore the frequency of CMV seropositivity and CMV infection, risk factors for CMV reactivation, and outcomes of antiviral therapy in HSCT recipients.

Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for Primary Immune System Disorders in Children: A Single Centre Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of allogeneic HSCT in children with primary immune system disorders (PID). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Armed Forces bone marrow transplant centre / National Institute of Bone Marrow Transplant (AFBMTC / NIBMT), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from October 2012 to December 2021. METHODOLOGY: Data of all cases undergoing HSCT for immune system disorders were analysed for variables affecting outcome and overall survival in the first 180 days after allogeneic HSCT. All patients presenting to AFBMTC / NIBMT with PID, age <12 years. Patients with organ dysfunction secondary to repeated infections were excluded from the study. Data of all patients and their donors undergoing HSCT for immune system disorders were analysed for variables affecting outcome and overall survival in the first 180 days after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Neutrophil engraftment was defined as absolute neutrophil count ≥0.5 × 109/L for 3 consecutive days, while platelet engraftment as platelet count ≥20 × 109/L without platelet transfusion for one week. Overall survival (OS) was taken as time from the date of HSCT till day + 180 post-transplant. RESULTS: A total of 42children including 29 boys and 13 girls underwent HSCT for PID. The mean age was 2.1±2.8 years. Underlying diagnosis was haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), severe immune deficiency (SCID), leukocyte adhesion defect (LAD), X-linked agammaglobulinemia, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and Job's syndrome in 18 (42.9%), 16 (38.1%), 3(7.1%), 2 (4.8%), 2 (4.8%) and 1 (2.4%) patients respectively. Thirty-one (73.8%) children had fully HLA-matched donors while 11 (26.2%) had haplo-matched donors. Major immediate post-transplant complications were febrile neutropenia, mucositis and SOS/VOD in 31 (73.8%), 9 (21.4%) and 4 (10.0%) cases, respectively. Eight (19.0%) had CMV reactivation, acute GVHD was seen in 17 (40.4%) cases, while 1 (2.3%) case had chronic GVHD. Twelve (28.6%) patients died, out of which 5 had graft failure, 3 had VOD, 2 had pneumonia, 1 had severe GVHD, and 1 died due to seizures. Overall survival (OS) in this study was 71.4% with survival reaching up to 80.6% in fully matched HSCT. CONCLUSION: HLH and SCID were the commonest immune disorders requiring HSCT. Graft failure leading to neutropenic sepsis was the commonest cause of mortality. OS was better in fully matched HSCT as compared to haplo-identical HSCT. KEY WORDS: Immune deficiency, Severe combined immunodeficiency, Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Case report: A novel mutation in RTEL1 gene in dyskeratosis congenita.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome, is a telomeropathy typically presenting as a triad of leukoplakia, nail dystrophy, and reticular hyperpigmentation. Reported genetic mutations linked to DKC include DKC1, TINF2, TERC, TERT, C16orf57, NOLA2, NOLA3, WRAP53/TCAB1, and RTEL1. Homozygous, compound heterozygous, and heterozygous mutations in RTEL1 (RTEL1, regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1) gene on chromosome 20q13 are known to cause autosomal dominant as well as recessive DKC. Pathogenic variants of RTEL1 gene in DKC patients include c.2288G>T (p. Gly763Val), c.3791G>A (p. Arg1264His), and RTEL p. Arg981Trp. We report a novel homozygous variant of RTEL1, transcript ID: ENST00000360203.11, exon 24, c.2060C>T (p.Ala687Val), in a patient of DKC presenting with leukoplakia, dystrophic nails, reticulate pigmentation, and positive family history of a similar phenotype. The novel variant, reported as a variant of uncertain significance, may therefore be considered diagnostic for DKC in a Pakistani population.

To determine the frequency of aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (aldh2) deficiency in aplastic anaemia: A single center experience from pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Aplastic anaemia is a rare bone marrow failure syndrome and is defined by pancytopenia associated with a hypo-cellular bone marrow with no increase in reticulin and the absence of any abnormal infiltrate. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2) deficiency in patients with Aplastic Anaemia and investigate its correlation with patient and disease characteristics. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre Rawalpindi from 01-08-2022-01-02-2023, over 6 months. METHODS: A total of 56 patients who were diagnosed with aplastic anaemia during this period, fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. Patients were genotyped as GG (homozygous) and GA (heterozygous). GG had normal ALDH2, while GA were patients with ALDH2 deficiency. Data was collected on the patient's demographics, type and severity of anaemia, type of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and frequency of ALDH2 deficiency. Results were analyzed for ALDH2 deficiency and its correlation with patient and disease characteristics was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 28 years (20-39). According to the type of aplastic anaemia, 2 (3.6%) had Fanconi anaemia and 54 (96.4%) had acquired aplastic anaemia. In our study, 18 (32.1%) patients had undergone HSCT while the remaining 38 (67.9%) could not undergo HSCT. The frequency of the presence of ALDH2 deficiency was 2 (3.6%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequency of ALDH2 deficiency with variables like gender, age distribution, type of aplastic anaemia, the severity of aplastic anaemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded from our study the frequency of ALDH2 was rare in patients with aplastic anaemia. There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequency of ALDH2 deficiency with variables like gender, age distribution, type of aplastic anaemia, the severity of aplastic anaemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Response To Immunosuppressive Therapy In Patients Of Acquired Aplastic Anaemia: A Single Center Experience From A Developing Country.

Background: Aplastic Anaemia (AA) is characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular marrow. Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) SHOWS impressive haematological response; however, risk of relapse and clonal evolution persists. The objective of the study is to assess response to IST in patients with aplastic anaemia. Methods: A retrospective single centre study at AFBMTC / NIBMT for patients of acquired AA was conducted from January 2005 to December 2019.Inclusion criteria included diagnosed cases of acquired AA receiving IST for at least 12 weeks and age >2 years. IST included cyclosporine (CsA) alone, CsA + androgens, CsA + rabbit anti thymocyte globulin (rATG), CsA + horse anti thymocyte globulin (hATG). Primary outcome measure was response to IST; secondary outcome measure was overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 513 patients received IST. Median age was 23 years (range 2-97 years). In study cohort, 155 (30.2%) patients responded to the IST, 63 (12.3%) achieved complete response (CR) while 92 (17.9%) achieved partial response (PR). The ORR of CsA in NSAA, SAA and VSAA was 52.6%, 28.10% and 10% respectively; whereas ORR of CsA + rATG in NSAA, SAA and VSAA was 50%, 35.1% and 22.5% respectively. OS was 38% at a median follow up of 36 months. There was a significant difference in the survival distributions of different treatment modalities (p=0.016). Median survival time 60 months (CsA), 9 months (CsA+ androgens) and 39 months (CsA+ rATG/hATG.) . Conclusion: In resource constrained settings, single agent CsA remains a reasonable alternative with modest activity and acceptable side effect profile.

Methotrexate-induced Leukoencephalopathy: A Rare but Life-threatening Toxicity.

Methotrexate (MTX), an anti-metabolite, is part of various chemotherapy regimens to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and certain non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). It is the major drug used in central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis. Besides, its common hepatic, pulmonary, and hematologic toxicities, it has been implicated in the development of toxic leukoencephalopathy. Here, we present a case of a 19-year female, diagnosed with T-ALL. She was managed with UK ALL 2011 regimen B induction as a standard of care and intrathecal MTX as CNS prophylaxis. She tolerated induction well; however, during the second block of consolidation, she started developing lower limb weakness, inability to stand, unilateral weakness and aphasia. Her condition worsened rapidly over the next 24 hours leading to paraplegia and ultimately quadriplegia. Within 48 hours from onset of symptoms, she had lost all her motor functions, potentially leading to impending apnoea. We placed her on mechanical ventilation. MRI brain showed drug (MTX)-induced leukoencephalopathy (LE). In most cases, recovery starts within 5-7 days and by the 3rd week, majority have usually recovered. However, cases of irreversible neurologic damage and late-onset chronic toxicities have been reported. Key Words: Methotrexate, Leukoencephalopathy, Chemotherapy, Leukemias.

Building the ecosystem for pediatric neuro-oncology care in Pakistan: Results of a 7-year long twinning program between Canada and Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries sustain the majority of pediatric cancer burden, with significantly poorer survival rates compared to high-income countries. Collaboration between institutions in low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries is one of the ways to improve cancer outcomes. METHODS: Patient characteristics and effects of a pediatric neuro-oncology twinning program between the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada and several hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan over 7 years are described in this article. RESULTS: A total of 460 patients were included in the study. The most common primary central nervous system tumors were low-grade gliomas (26.7%), followed by medulloblastomas (18%), high-grade gliomas (15%), ependymomas (11%), and craniopharyngiomas (11.7%). Changes to the proposed management plans were made in consultation with expert physicians from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. On average, 24% of the discussed cases required a change in the original management plan over the course of the twinning program. However, a decreasing trend in change in management plans was observed, from 36% during the first 3.5 years to 16% in the last 3 years. This program also led to the launch of a national pediatric neuro-oncology telemedicine program in Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts by experts from across the world have aided in the correct diagnosis and treatment of children with brain tumors and helped establish local treatment protocols. This experience may be a model for other low- and middle-income countries that are planning on creating similar programs.

Genetic analysis of osteopetrosis in Pakistani families identifies novel and known sequence variants.

Osteopetrosis is a genetically heterogenous, fatal bone disorder characterized by increased bone density. Globally, various genetic causes are reported for osteopetrosis with all forms of inheritance patterns. A precise molecular diagnosis is necessary for prognosis and for prescribing treatment paradigms in osteopetrosis. Here we report on thirteen individuals diagnosed with infantile malignant osteopetrosis coming from ten unrelated Pakistani families; nine of whom are consanguineous. We performed whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing in all families and identified homozygous variants in genes previously reported for autosomal recessive inheritance of osteopetrosis. All the identified variants are expected to affect the stability or length of gene products except one nonsynonymous missense variant. TCIRG1 was found as a candidate causal gene in majority of the families. We report six novel variants; four in TCIRG1 and one each in CLCN7 and OSTM1. Our combined findings will be helpful in molecular diagnosis and genetic counselling of patients with osteopetrosis particularly in populations with high consanguinity.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in aplastic anemia: current indications and transplant strategies.

Treatment options for newly diagnosed aplastic anemia (AA) patient includes upfront allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) or immunosuppressive therapy (IST). With recent advances in supportive care, conditioning regimens and post-transplant immunosuppression the overall survival for HSCT approaches 70-90%. Transplant eligibility needs to be assessed considering age, comorbidities, donor availability and probability of response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Upfront HSCT should be offered to children and young adults with matched related donor (MRD). Upfront HSCT may also be offered to children and young adults with rapidly available matched unrelated donor (MUD) who require urgent HSCT. Bone marrow (BM) graft source and cyclosporine (CsA) plus methotrexate (MTX) as graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis are preferable when using anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) based conditioning regimens. Alemtuzumab is an acceptable alternative to ATG and is used with CsA alone and with either BM or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Cyclophosphamide (CY) plus ATG conditioning is preferable for patients receiving MRD transplant, while Fludarabine (Flu) based conditioning is reserved for older adults, those with risk factors of graft failure and those receiving MUD HSCT. For haploidentical transplant, use of low dose radiotherapy and post-transplant cyclophosphamide has resulted in a marked reduction in graft failure and GVHD.

Exploring the Causes of Wastage of Blood and Its Components in a Tertiary Care Hospital Blood Bank.

Background Blood donated by healthy people is extremely important as it is integral in emergent situations. The authors aimed to address and highlight the main causes of the wastage of donated blood and its components. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted at a blood bank of a tertiary care center between January 2019 and March 2020. All the information regarding blood donated and blood components during the study period was documented on a predefined proforma. The blood bags which were seropositive, reached their shelf-life expiry, expired due to non-utilization, or quantity was non-sufficient were discarded. Blood showing any changes of either hemolysis or turbidity was also discarded. Other reasons for discarding blood units included leakage (damage to or fault in the blood bag), hemolytic reasons, or miscellaneous reasons. Results A total of 9308 blood donations were received as donations during the study period. Out of the total donations, 7,988 (85.8%) were subjected for component formation including red cell component (RCC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets. A total of 23,964 components were prepared using the donated blood. Out of these 2128 (8.87%) units were discarded. Upon stratifying the discarded blood according to the type of component, it was found that platelets made up 1148 (53.9%) units, red cell component composed 324 (15.2%) units, and fresh frozen plasma composed 313 (14.7%) units of discarded blood. Seropositive was reported to be 32.3%. Of this, the red cell component made up 276 (85.2%) units. Conclusion The present study reported a discard rate of 8.87%. Of these, the majority was composed of platelets due to the shortest shelf life. Leakage of blood bags remained a predominant cause for the discard of blood components. Seropositivity for hepatitis B, C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was reported in almost 30% units of donated blood. Further large-scale studies should be conducted to reassess how wastage of donated blood can be minimized.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in rare hematologic disorders: a single center experience from Pakistan.

Management of rare hematological disorders pose unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to unusual occurrence and limited treatment options. We retrospectively identified 45 patients receiving matched related donor transplant for rare hematological disorders from 2006 to 2019. Patients were divided into two groups (1) malignant and (2) non malignant. The malignant disorder group included four patients while the nonmalignant group included 41 patients divided into immune dysregulation (n = 23), bone marrow failure (n = 10), metabolic (n = 5), and bleeding diathesis (n = 3). Twenty-six (57.8%) patients received myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and 16 (35.6%) received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), while 3 (6.6%) patients with severe combined immunodeficiency received stem cell infusion alone without conditioning. The cumulative incidence (CI) of grade II-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) was 39.1% (n = 18) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD) 15.2% (n = 7). There was no primary graft failure while CI of secondary graft failure was 9%. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 82.2% and 77.8% respectively. Group wise OS was 75% in the malignant group, 82.6% in the immune dysregulation group, 80% in patients with metabolic disorders and bone marrow failure, while 100% in patients with bleeding diathesis. This retrospective analysis shows that hematopoietic stem cell transplant can be a feasible treatment option for rare hematological disorders.