Relationship between human papillomavirus and serum vitamin D levels: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The present review was conducted to accumulate evidence on the relationship between cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection and serum vitamin D status. METHODS: Electronic databases including Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed were searched by different combinations of keywords related to "human papillomavirus" and "vitamin D", obtained from Mesh and Emtree with AND, and OR operators without any time restriction until December 24, 2022. Selection of articles was based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was applied for reporting. RESULTS: In total, 276 citations were retrieved. After removing duplicates, and non-related articles, the full texts of 7 articles were reviewed including 11168 participants. Three studies reported that there was a positive relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cervicovaginal human papillomavirus while three studies did not. One study showed a significant positive association between higher vitamin D stores and short-term high-risk human papillomavirus persistence. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed no firm evidence for any association between serum vitamin D level and cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection, although the possible association could not be discarded. Further investigations are needed to reach sound evidence.

The correlation between marital satisfaction and childbearing characteristics in women in Tehran.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and childbearing can change the relationship between a couple and their degree of marital satisfaction. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of women's childbearing characteristics, including age at marriage, childbearing age, the interval between marriage and the birth of the first child, the number of children, age differences between children and children's gender composition (only sons, only daughters or both sons and daughters) on marital satisfaction in women of childbearing age in Tehran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 213 married females aged 15-45 years presenting to health centers in Tehran in 2016. The demographic questionnaire, the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale and a devised questionnaire on childbearing were used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS-17 using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson's correlation test, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the stepwise regression test. RESULTS: According to the stepwise regression test, of all the factors associated with marital satisfaction, the number of children showed the highest correlation with marital satisfaction (p < 0.001, r = -0.22). In those with three children, the age difference between the second and third children had the highest correlation with marital satisfaction (p < 0.001, r = -0.5). The variables of age at first childbirth (r = 0.18) and children's gender composition were also significantly related to marital satisfaction (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that of all the factors associated with marital satisfaction, the number and spacing of children affect marital satisfaction.