A forward to optimization of antivenom therapy: An in vivo study upon the effectiveness of the antivenom against early and delayed nephrotoxicity induced by the venom of the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus in rat.

The aim of the present in vivo study was to identify the optimal effective dose, the most favorable time and the route of administration of the available polyvalent scorpion antivenom against the toxic effects induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) venom in rat. The end point for assessment included measurement of alanin-amino-peptidase (AAP) and N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), biochemical urine analysis and histopathological assessment. The results showed that a single subcutaneous 50 µg of the venom produced significant increase in the AAP and NAG enzyme activity, urinary biochemical parameters and induced histopathological structural abnormalities in the renal system. The optimal effective co-administered dose of the antivenom was 0.5 ml, which when administered 1 and 2 h of envenomation by intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) routes respectively produced significant protection against these toxic effects. Prudently, the significance of these findings need to be assessed in further clinical studies.