Characterisation of burden of illness measures associated with human (Fluoro)quinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. infections - a scoping review.

Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in Canada and worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are often used to treat complicated human campylobacteriosis and strains of Campylobacter spp. resistant to these drugs are emerging along the food chain. A scoping review was conducted to summarise how human (fluoro)quinolone-resistant (FQR; quinolones including fluoroquinolones) Campylobacter spp. infections are characterised in the literature by describing how burden of illness (BOI) associated with FQR is measured and reported, describing the variability in reporting of study characteristics, and providing a narrative review of literature that compare BOI measures of FQR Campylobacter spp. infections to those with susceptible infections. The review identified 26 studies that yielded many case reports, a lack of recent literature and a lack of Canadian data. Studies reported 26 different BOI measures and the most common were hospitalisation, diarrhoea, fever and duration of illness. There were mixed results as BOI measures reported in literature were inconsistently defined and there were limited comparisons between resistant and susceptible infections. This presents a challenge when attempting to assess the magnitude of the BOI due to FQR Campylobacter spp., highlighting the need for more research in this area.

Gating strategy for immunophenotyping of leukemia and lymphoma.

Clinical specimens of blood, bone marrow, lymph node, extranodal tissue, and body fluid were collected from 67 cases of hematologic neoplasms (including chronic lymphoid leukemias, T- and B-cell lymphomas, and acute lymphoblastic and myelogenous leukemias) for comparison between the right-angle light scatter (RALS)/CD45 and the forward-angle light scatter (FALS)/RALS gating combinations. One to three diagnostic markers were selected from each case, yielding 124 paired results for comparison. We found that the percentage of tumor cell isolation and the total cell count in the tumor cell gate were higher in RALS/CD45 than in FALS/RALS. When 20% was used as a cutoff point, 30 markers in FALS/RALS failed to identify the tumor population, while only 3 markers in RALS/CD45 failed to do so. The discriminative factor in the RALS/CD45 gating was mainly the CD45 intensity, whereas all cases except 3 showed low RALS. Although T-cell neoplasms showed a higher proportion of high CD45 intensity, other groups shared similar ranges of CD45 intensity, which is therefore of limited value for differential diagnosis. The RALS/CD45 combination produces higher recovery and purity for tumor cell isolation than the FALS/RALS combination and should replace the latter for routine immunophenotyping of lymphoma and leukemia.