LAP+ Cells Modulate Protection Induced by Oral Vaccination with Rhesus Rotavirus in a Neonatal Mouse Model.

Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) has been shown to play a role in immunity against different pathogens in vitro and against parasites in vivo However, its role in viral infections in vivo is incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RV) vaccination, we show that the vaccine induced rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells, the majority of which lacked expression of KLRG1 or CD127, and a few regulatory rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells that expressed surface latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-ß. In these mice, inhibiting TGF-ß, with both a neutralizing antibody and an inhibitor of TGF-ß receptor signaling (activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor [ALK5i]), did not change the development or intensity of the mild diarrhea induced by the vaccine, the rotavirus-specific T cell response, or protection against a subsequent challenge with a murine EC-rotavirus. However, mice treated with anti-LAP antibodies had improved protection after a homologous EC-rotavirus challenge, compared with control rhesus rotavirus-immunized mice. Thus, oral vaccination with a heterologous rotavirus stimulates regulatory RV-specific CD4 LAP-positive (LAP+) T cells, and depletion of LAP+ cells increases vaccine-induced protection.IMPORTANCE Despite the introduction of several live attenuated animal and human rotaviruses as efficient oral vaccines, rotaviruses continue to be the leading etiological agent for diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Improvement of these vaccines has been partially delayed because immunity to rotaviruses is incompletely understood. In the intestine (where rotavirus replicates), regulatory T cells that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) play a prominent role, which has been explored for many diseases but not specifically for infectious agents. In this paper, we show that neonatal mice given a live oral rotavirus vaccine develop rotavirus-specific LAP+ T cells and that depletion of these cells improves the efficiency of the vaccine. These findings may prove useful for the design of strategies to improve rotavirus vaccines.

Educación de la sexualidad en la adolescencia: métodos y contenidos / Education of the sexuality in the adolescence: methods and contents

"En este ensayo se hace una revisión de las diferentes estrategias que se han diseñado para educar sexualmente a los adolescentes. En primer lugar se plantea un bosquejo general de la sexualidad adolescente en nuestro país. A continuación se describen siete estrategias de trabajo, sus modalidades, líneas de acción, desarrollo de las actividades y sus fortalezas y debilidades. Finalmente se proponen los retos que deberemos enfrentar en el futuro para introducir la educación sexual dentro de la educación integral del adolescente mexicano"

Educación de la sexualidad en la adultez: métodos y contenidos / Education of the sexuality in the adult life: methods and contents

"En este ensayo se hace una revisión de las diferentes estrategias que se han diseñado para educar y capacitar sexualmente a los adultos. En primer lugar se comenta la importancia de la sexualidad en esta etapa y se enfatizan las dos responsabilidades de la adultez: educarse y educar. Se categoriza a los adultos que fungen como educadores en: padres de familia, profesores, profesionales de la salud y líderes. A continuación se describen diferentes estrategias de trabajo, para formar educadores sexuales. Finalmente, se propone el perfil del educador sexual y se concluye con los retos que se deberán enfrentar para reeducar sexualmente a los adultos, con el fin de que puedan brindar información sexual a las personas con las cuales se relacionan"