Perspectiva social del impacto de la miopía / Social perspective of the impact of myopia

La visión, el más dominante de los sentidos, tiene un papel esencial en cada aspecto y etapa de la vida. Se da por sentada la visión, pero sin ella, resulta difícil la realización de tareas cotidianas como aprender a caminar, leer, conducir y trabajar. La miopía es una alteración visual que se encuentra entre las cinco condiciones, donde su atención clínica ha sido calificada de prioridad inmediata para la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La prevalencia de la miopía y la miopía magna aumentan a nivel mundial a un ritmo alarmante. Existen diversos factores socioeconómicos, psicológicos y sociales que impactan en la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. De ahí la motivación de realizar un acercamiento a dichas variables para comprender desde una perspectiva social las implicaciones de esta afección visual mediante una búsqueda actualizada de diversos artículos publicados, con el objetivo de identificar los problemas sociales relacionados a la miopía. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con todos sus buscadores(AU)

The vision, the dominantest in the senses, has an essential paper in each aspect and stage of the life. It is given by sitting the vision, but without her, it is difficult the realization of daily tasks as learning how to walk, to read, to drive and to work. The myopia is a visual alteration that is between the five conditions where its clinical attention it has been described as immediate priority for the World Organization of the Health. The prevalencia of the myopia and the great myopia increase at world level to an alarming rhythm. Diverse socioeconomic, psychological and social factors that impact in the quality of life of who you/they suffer it, exist of there the motivation of carrying out an approach to this variables to understand from a social perspective the implications of this visual affection by means of a modernized search of diverse published articles, with the objective of identifying the social problems related to the myopia. The platform Infomed was used, specifically the Virtual Library of Health, with all its searchers(AU)

An actionable hydroeconomic Decision Support System for the assessment of water reallocations in irrigated agriculture. A study of minimum environmental flows in the Douro River Basin, Spain.

Despite major recent advances in socio-hydrology and hydroeconomics research, interdisciplinary methods and models for water policy assessment remain largely concealed to the academic arena. Most river basin authorities still base decision-making on inputs from hydrologic Decision Support Systems (DSS), and have limited information on the economic costs that water policies may impose on the economy. This paper presents a time-variant hierarchical framework that connects a hydrologic module and an economic module by means of two-way feedback protocols. The hydrologic module is designed to fit the AQUATOOL DSS, the hydrologic model used by Spanish river basin authorities to inform decision-making at a basin scale; while the economic module is populated with a Positive Multi-Attribute Mathematical Programming (PMAMP) model that represents the behavior and adaptive responses of irrigators. The proposed hierarchical framework is used to assess the economic repercussions of strengthening irrigation quotas so to achieve minimum environmental flows in the Douro River Basin (Spain) under climate change. Results show that reductions in agricultural water allocations to meet environmental flow requirements create nonlinear incremental profit and employment losses in irrigated agriculture that are on average low to moderate (between -4% and -12.9 % for profit, and between -4.6 % and -12 % for employment, depending on the scenario). During extreme droughts, the abrupt reductions in water availability and agricultural allocations can test farming systems past the breaking point and lead to catastrophic profit and employment losses (>80 %).

To charge or to cap in agricultural water management. Insights from modular iterative modeling for the assessment of bilateral micro-macro-economic feedback links.

This paper develops an iterative micro-macro-economic modeling framework to assess agricultural water management policies including feedbacks between local and economy-wide impacts. The main contribution of the paper is the introduction of a set of bidirectional protocols that work through land use and price changes to model the bilateral feedbacks between the micro and macro scales. The proposed framework is applied to the Castile and León Region in Spain, where we assess the performance of two alternative water conservation policies (charges and caps) and compare results to those obtained using a conventional stand-alone microeconomic model. We find that, as compared to the proposed modular framework, the assessment of water conservation policies using conventional stand-alone microeconomic models is expected to overestimate water conservation and underestimate economic performance. Overall, our results suggest that water conservation targets can be achieved with lower economic losses than those anticipated by conventional stand-alone microeconomic models.