Anthropogenic impacts on threatened species erode functional diversity in chelonians and crocodilians.

The Anthropocene is tightly associated with a drastic loss of species worldwide and the disappearance of their key ecosystem functions. The orders Testudines (turtles and tortoises) and Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators, and gharials) contain numerous threatened, long-lived species for which the functional diversity and potential erosion by anthropogenic impacts remains unknown. Here, we examine 259 (69%) of the existing 375 species of Testudines and Crocodilia, quantifying their life history strategies (i.e., trade-offs in survival, development, and reproduction) from open-access data on demography, ancestry, and threats. We find that the loss of functional diversity in simulated extinction scenarios of threatened species is greater than expected by chance. Moreover, the effects of unsustainable local consumption, diseases, and pollution are associated with life history strategies. In contrast, climate change, habitat disturbance, and global trade affect species independent of their life history strategy. Importantly, the loss of functional diversity for threatened species by habitat degradation is twice that for all other threats. Our findings highlight the importance of conservation programmes focused on preserving the functional diversity of life history strategies jointly with the phylogenetic representativity of these highly threatened groups.

Predation impact on threatened spur-thighed tortoises by golden eagles when main prey is scarce.

A reduction in adult survival in long-living species may compromise population growth rates. The spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) is a long-lived reptile that is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), whose breeding habitats overlap that of tortoises, may predate them by dropping them onto rocks and breaking their carapaces. In SE Spain, the number of golden eagles has increased in the last decades and the abundance of their main prey (i.e., rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus) has decreased. Our aims were to 1) describe the role of tortoises in golden eagles' diet, and 2) estimate the predation impact of golden eagles on tortoises in eagles' territories and in the regional tortoise population. We collected regurgitated pellets and prey remains under eagle nests and roosts, and obtained information on tortoise abundance and population structure and rabbit abundance. We found that tortoises were an alternative prey to rabbits, so that eagles shifted to the former where the latter were scarce. The average predation rate on tortoises was very low at the two studied scales. However, eagles showed a marked selection for adult female tortoises, which led the tortoise sex ratio to be biased towards males in those eagle territories with higher tortoise predation. Whether this may compromise the spur-thighed tortoise long-term population viability locally deserves further attention.

Assessing DESS solution for the long-term preservation of nematodes from faecal samples.

Preservation of biological samples is a relevant issue for many scientific disciplines. Although traditional preservers, such as formaldehyde or ethanol, imply major disadvantages related to health risks, DNA degradation and distortion of structures, they are widely used. Hence, the search for viable alternatives preserving morphometry and genetics seems necessary. Here we assess the suitability of DESS solution to preserve adult nematodes and their eggs in faeces. Concretely, faecal samples of terrestrial tortoises with oxyurids were used to: (i) compare the 1-month storage efficacy of eggs from different conservation protocols (faeces without preserver at -20 °C, faeces with DESS solution at room temperature, faeces with DESS solution at -20 °C and faeces with ethanol 70% at room temperature); (ii) address morphological nematode identification after 2 years of storage with DESS. We also corroborated that nematode DNA remained viable after 2 years. Overall, our results showed that DESS solution at room temperature is an advisable alternative to conserve both parasite eggs and adult nematodes for morphological identification and genetic purposes. It also offers the advantages of being low-cost, safe and suitable for fieldwork conditions and shipments without refrigeration for nematode preservation.

Metas de logro 3x2 y mediadores psicológicos en estudiantes de educación física / 3x2 Achievement Goals and Psychological Mediators in Physical Education Students

Esta investigación examina la relación entre las metas de logro 3x2, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación autodeterminada, la intención de ser físicamente activo y la satisfacción con la vida. Participaron en el estudio 1706 estudiantes de Educación Física de 10 a 17 años (M = 13.75; DT = 2.98). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y regresiones lineales. La validez y la consistencia interna fueron apropiadas. Los resultados señalaron la importancia de la satisfacción de la competencia y la relación, la motivación autodeterminada, y las metas de aproximación-tarea y aproximación-otro en la predicción de la intención de ser físicamente activo, así como de las metas basadas en la tarea y la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas en la predicción de la satisfacción con la vida. El marco de metas de logro 3x2 supone una contribución relevante en la explicación de las consecuencias motivacionales y del bienestar del alumnado. (AU)

This research examines the relationship between 3x2 achievement goals, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation, intention to be physically active, and satisfaction with life. The sample was comprised of 1706 Physical Education students with aged between 10 and 17 years old (M = 13.75; DT = 2.98). Descriptive analysis and linear regressions were performed. Validity and internal consistency were appropriate. The results pointed out the importance of competence and relationship satisfaction, self-determined motivation, and task-approach and other-approach goals in predicting the intention to be physically active, as well as task-based goals and satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs in predicting satisfaction with life. The 3x2 achievement goal framework is a relevant contribution in explaining the motivational and welfare consequences of the students. (AU)

Efectos de los descansos activos en la actividad física de estudiantes de primaria / Effects of Active Breaks on the Primary Students’ Physical Activity

Los objetivos fueron examinar el impacto de los descansos activos (DA) en la actividad física (AF) de estudiantes de 2º de primaria durante las clases, el recreo y el horario extraescolar, y analizar posibles compensaciones durante el día. Participaron 46 escolares (28 niñas) de 7-8 años. Se realizó un diseño cuasi-experimental con medidas pretest y postest. El grupo experimental (n=22) recibió un programa diseñado por docentes y estudiantes. La AF se registró mediante acelerometría. Las ANOVAs de medidas repetidas mostraron efectos significativas en AFMV y AF muy vigorosa a favor del grupo experimental. El grupo experimental incrementó 14’17”/día de AFMV y 2’01”/día de AF muy vigorosa. En este grupo también se produjo un descenso de AFMV durante los recreos de 6’54”/sem y se redujo el tiempo de actividad sedentaria durante las clases en 73’30”/sem. Implicar al docente y alumnado en el diseño de DA puede aumentar la AF del alumnado. (AU)

The objectives were two: a) to examine the impact of active breaks (AB) on the physical activity (PA) of year-2 students during their lessons, recess, and after school, and b) to analyze possible PA compensatory declines during the day. 46 schoolchildren (28 girls) aged between 7-8 years participated. A quasi-experimental design was carried out with pretest and posttest measurements. The experimental group (n=22) received an AB program developed by the teachers and students. PA was recorded using accelerometers. The repeated measures ANOVAs found significant effects on moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) and very vigorous PA in favor of the experimental group. The increase was 71’23”/week (14’17”/day) of MVPA and 10’03”/week (2’01”/day) of very vigorous PA. In the experimental group, there was a decrease (6’54”/week) in MVPA during their recess. Nevertheless, the sedentary activity time during classes was reduced by 73’30”/week. In conclusion, involving both teachers and students in the designing of AB can be an effective way to increase student PA. (AU)

Test de condición física: Modelo tradicional versus modelo de educación deportiva / Fitness Testing: Traditional Model Versus Sport Education Model

El objetivo fue comparar el uso de dos planteamientos metodológicos, el modelo tradicional (MT) y el Modelo de Educación Deportiva (MED), en la valoración de las capacidades físicas básicas con 118 estudiantes de 13 años (M = 12,81, DE = 0,74). Los resultados indicaron que el uso del MED produjo mayores puntuaciones en las variables autonomía, competencia, relación, y motivación intrínseca. Los varones se aburrieron más y las mujeres sintieron menor presión-tensión con el MED. Los resultados registrados por el profesor en todos los test mediante el MT se correspondían con los resultados registrados por los alumnos con el MED con una fiabilidad que oscilaba entre buena y excelente. Con base en la teoría de la autodeterminación, se sugiere que el uso del MED en la enseñanza y aplicación de los test de condición física puede producir beneficios sin perder fiabilidad en la valoración de la condición física. (AU)

The aim was to compare the use of two methodological approaches, the traditional model (TM) and the Sport Education Model (SEM) on the assessment of physical fitness with 118 students of 13 years old (M = 12.81, SD = 0.74). The results indicated that the use of the MED in physical fitness test administration produced higher scores on the variables autonomy, competence, relationship, and intrinsic motivation. Males became more bored and females felt less pressure-tension with the SEM. Fitness assessment from both methodological approaches were similar, indicating good reliability in data collection. Based on the self-determination theory, the results of this study suggest that the use of the SEM in fitness testing can produce benefits in the students without losing reliability in fitness testing. (AU)

[Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the pandemic among health and non-health personnel of the General Hospital of Segovia, Castilla y León]. / Prevalencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante la primera oleada de la pandemia entre personal sanitario y no sanitario del Hospital General de Segovia, Castilla y León.

OBJECTIVE: Health and non-health workers (HNH-W) in a hospital are more exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population. We studied the prevalence of this infection in these workers of Segovia´s Hospital after the first epidemic wave. METHODS: Monocentric, observational, cross-sectional study, carried out between April 29 and May 14, 2020. The infection was diagnosed by capillary immunochromatography test for IgG and / or IgM antibodies, or PCR. Work, health, and exposure variables were studied. RESULTS: A total of 1,335 HNH-W participated in the study out of a total of 1,667 (80.1%), 79.3% women, with a mean age of 47.3 years, and 47.1 for men. The prevalence of infected was 21.95%, 24.7% asymptomatic. Age presented a significant OR of 1.02/year. Exposure outside of work increased the prevalence by 16.8%. The continued use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and the administration of nebulizations presented an OR of 0.54 and 0.46 respectively. The symptoms associated with the highest prevalence were anosmia (OR 9.31), ageusia (OR 3.05), and fever (OR 1.94). Today, about 75% of HNH-W were infected in the first wave. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence is higher among healthcare workers than the population they serve. Age is associated with a higher prevalence of infection. Almost a quarter of those infected were asymptomatic. The continuous use of PPE was associated with a lower prevalence, for that the administration of nebulisations could be safe. The symptoms with the greatest association were fever, anosmia, and ageusia.

Prevalence and risk factors for acute stress disorder in female victims of sexual assault.

Sexual assault is one of the most traumatic events a person can experience. Despite this, information regarding the risk factors associated with the development of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) in sexual assault victims is scarce. A follow-up prospective cohort study was designed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of ASD in women exposed to a recent sexual assault. A total of 156 women were treated at the Emergency Department of a university general hospital shortly after sexual assault. Sociodemographic, clinical and sexual assault-related variables were collected. The Acute Stress Disorder Interview was used to estimate the prevalence of ASD at three weeks post-SA. From the 156 victims, 66.6% (N = 104) met ASD diagnosis using DSM-5 criteria, whereas 59.6% (N = 93) met ASD diagnosis using DSM-IV criteria. The risk factors associated with the development of ASD were nationality, psychiatric history, peritraumatic dissociation and type of assault. In conclusion, the prevalence of ASD in female victims of recent sexual assault was high, affecting approximately two thirds of them. The recognition of the risk factors associated with ASD development, like peritraumatic dissociation or type of assault, may aid in the prompt detection of vulnerable women that require early and specific interventions shortly after trauma.

Transbronchial biopsy in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) is based on relevant exposure, tomographic findings and, in some cases, pathological data. The role of bronchoscopy is uncertain, especially in the fibrotic form of CHP. AIM: To analyze the yield of transbronchial biopsy (TBBx) in patients with CHP according to tomographic findings and to evaluate the importance of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the diagnostic approach. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients with CHP who underwent TBBx in São Paulo, Brazil. The TBBx findings were classified as characteristic (granulomas and/or multinucleated giant cells, associated or not with peribronchiolar infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells and bronchiolocentric distribution) and supportive (data indicative of small airway injury: peribronchiolar metaplasia, organizing pneumonia, and intra-alveolar foamy macrophages). RESULTS: One hundred nine patients were included. The presence of characteristic findings of HP was seen in 16 patients (14.7%), and supportive findings were seen in 32 patients (29.4%), with a total yield of 44%. Pathological characteristic findings were more common in cases without fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) (27.3% vs. 9.2%, p= 0.014), whereas the presence of supportive findings was more common in fibrotic HP (38.1% vs. 9.1%, p= 0.002). Fifty-two patients had differential cytology in BAL fluid. Lymphocytosis (> 20%) was present in 51.9% of the patients. There was no difference in the median lymphocyte count according to nonfibrotic and fibrotic tomographic findings on HRCT. CONCLUSION: TBBx and BAL fluid cytology have a role in CHP diagnosis.

[Safe surgery and COVID-19: A narrative review]. / Cirugía segura y COVID-19: una revisión narrativa.

BACKGROUND: The interruption of surgical care in Spain caused by the pandemic must end. Recovery from this activity must be carried out on an elective basis and in conjunction with possible cases of COVID-19. The objective of this review was to incorporate good practice criteria related to COVID-19 into the context of safe surgery, which would make it possible to develop a proposed surgical safety checklist adapted to patients with this disease. METHODS: Narrative literature review, following the PRISMA protocol, in the Medline and Cochrane directories, using the MeSH terms (coronavirus, infections, safety, surgical procedures, operative, checklist) and the Boolean operator AND. In addition, recommendations from scientific bodies and societies were reviewed (grey literature). RESULTS: Thirty-three final studies were included with recommendations for safe surgery and surgical safety checklist adapted for COVID-19, the most frequent being aspects related to treatment (41.3%) and prevention and control measures (27.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The existence of a broad consensus on good practices recommended for COVID surgical patients makes it possible to make a proposal for surgical safety checklist to these patients.

Educación deportiva, roles y vulnerabilidad. Influencia en la responsabilidad e interculturalidad / Sport Education, Roles and Vulnerability. Influence on Responsibility and Intercultural Competence

El presente estudio examinó los efectos de dos dinámicas de roles (fija y rotativa) sobre los niveles de responsabilidad y competencia intercultural en adolescentes españoles de un contexto socialmente vulnerable. Formaron parte del estudio 96 estudiantes de primer curso de educación secundaria (Medad = 12.2) de un centro ubicado en Andalucía (España). Siguiendo un diseño cruzado simple, cuasi-experimental y con medidas repetidas (pretest-post1-post2), los participantes asistieron a dos unidades didácticas consecutivas con Educación Deportiva sobre baloncesto y floorball, respectivamente. Se recabó información mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas y cuestionarios. Se evidenció un mayor impacto de los roles fijos en la responsabilidad social y en las variables interculturales (sensibilidad y comportamiento), con especial incidencia en varones. Ligeras consecuencias negativas fueron halladas en los niveles de responsabilidad de estudiantes de sexo femenino. Se desvela la importancia de asumir roles fijos en contextos socialmente vulnerables, así como en experiencias iniciales con Educación Deportiva

This paper examines the effect of two different roles' strategies (permanent and rotating) on Spanish adolescents' responsibility and intercultural competence levels. Following a quasi-experimental, simple crossover design with repeated measures (pretest-post1-post2), 96 high school students (Mage = 12.2) and one teacher participated part in two consecutive Sport Education-based teaching units of basketball and floorball, respectively. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Permanent roles were associated with improvements on social responsibility and intercultural variables (sensibility and behavior), especially in males. There are slightly negative consequences on female' responsibility levels. Findings reveal and emphasize the importance of using permanent roles when dealing with socially vulnerable contexts, as well as first experiences with Sport Education

Eficacia de la pliometría en la fatiga neuromuscular en triatlón: estudio piloto / Efficacy of Plyometrics in the Neuromuscular Fatigue during Triathlon: A Pilot Study

Las transiciones en triatlón afectan al rendimiento y riesgo de lesión. El objetivo fue determinar la fatiga neuromuscular inducida por 40 km de ciclismo y la eficacia del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fatiga y rendimiento de la carrera a pie. Participaron doce triatletas, 5 realizaron un entrenamiento pliométrico y 7 continuaron su entrenamiento habitual. Se realizaron tests de salto antes y después de 40 km de ciclismo para determinar la fatiga y se registró el ritmo de 5 km de carrera. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la altura de salto (p < 0,05) indicando que 40 km de ciclismo inducen fatiga en la extremidad inferior. Tras el entrenamiento pliométrico se observaron mejoras significativas en el test Squat Jump posterior al ciclismo (p = 0,038) y en el ritmo del primer kilómetro (p = 0,015). El entrenamiento pliométrico parece ser más eficaz que el entrenamiento habitual para mejorar la fatiga neuromuscular y el ritmo del primer kilómetro

The transition between the different phases of triathlon affects both athletic performance and risk of injury. The aim was to determine the neuromuscular fatigue induced by 40 km cycling and the plyometric training efficacy in order to improve such fatigue and running performance. Twelve triathletes participated, 5 of them did specific plyometric training versus 7 who continued with their usual training. Different jump tests were carried out before and after 40 km cycling in order to determine the fatigue, the 5km-running pace was also recorded. Significant differences were observed in the jump height (p < 0,05) post-cycling, showing that 40 km cycling induces leg neuromuscular fatigue. After the plyometric training, significant improves were observed in the Squat Jump Test post-cycling (p = 0,038) and in the first kilometre running pace (p = 0,015). The plyometric training seems to be more effective than usual training to improve cycling induced neuromuscular fatigue and the first kilometre running pace

Características antropométricas, de jugadores de pádel de élite. Estudio piloto / Anthropometric characteristics of elite paddle players. Pilot study

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo de una muestra internacional de jugadores de pádel de alto nivel de ambos sexos. En el estudio participaron 29 jugadores (15 varones y 14 mujeres) de categoría absoluta. Un total de 16 variables antropométricas fueron evaluadas. Se encontraron diferencias entre sexos en las variables masa, talla e IMC (p<0,001); en los pliegues tricipital, muslo, pierna (p<0,001) y en el sumatorio de 6 pliegues; en los perímetros brazo, muslo (p<0,001) y pierna (p<0,03); y en todos los diámetros analizados (p<0,001). Asimismo se encontraron diferencias en los componentes endomórfico (p<0,01), mesomórfico (p<0,001) y ectomórfico (p<0,05) del somatotipo. Los jugadores presentan un somatotipo mesomórfico-endomórfico y las jugadoras endo-mesomórfico. Esta investigación aporta datos biotipológicos actualizados de referencia para el pádel de élite

Paddle is one of the racket sports that has grown the most in recent years. However, there are few or very limited studies that address the biotype of this discipline, especially in the elite paddle. The aim was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of an international sample of high level paddle players. 29 subjects national top level (15 male and 14 female) participated in this study. 16 anthropometric variables were evaluated. Differences were found between sexes in the variables weight, height and BMI (p <0.001); in triceps, thigh and leg folds (p <0.001); in the arm, thigh (p <0.001) and leg (p <0.03) perimeters; and in all diameters analysed (p <0.001). Differences were also found between men and women in the endomorphic (p <0.01), mesomorphic (p <0.001) and ectomorphic (p <0.05) components of the somatotype. Male players present a mesomorphic-endomorphic somatotype while female players are preferably endo-mesomorphic. This research provides up-to-date reference data for somatotype in elite paddle players

Tricobezoar de estómago / Gastric Trichobezoar Rapunzel Syndrome

Trichobezoars are an unusual pathology that appears generally in young adolescents associated with psychiatric disorders. The clinical presentation is very varied. The diagnosis is suspected by the clinical records of teen agers with trichophagia and trichotillomania and the digestive disorders are confirmed by the results of the endoscopy, the same as with images toward the therapeutic management. Undowbtly the treatment is surgical, and continuation with the psychiatric treatment is essential to avoid a recidival of the disease. Bezoar is a concretion formed in the alimentary tract, and according to the substances forming the ball, we find trichobezoar (foodball). The Rapunzel syndrome is an unusual complication of individual bezoar. When the trichobezoar located in the stomach extends through the pylorus into the small intestine and the right colon, is known as Rapunzel syndrome, that is an extremely rare gastric condition in humans. It is a rare form of trichobezoar, occurring in psychiatric patients with the trichobezoar (hairball) located in the stomach. The syndrome is named after the long haired girl Rapunzel in the fairy tale of the brothers Grimm. Most bezoars in teen agers are trichobezoars from swallowed hair. A 28-year-old patient is presented, with abdominal pain and vomiting, on the general physical examination the patient revealed a severe weight loss. Later on, through a gastrostomy, appeared the trichobezoar, being removed with good postsurgical resullts

Identification and expression analysis of the Spodoptera exigua neuropeptidome under different physiological conditions.

Neuropeptides are small signalling molecules acting as neurohormones, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Being part of the chemical communication system between cells within an organism, they are involved in the regulation of different aspects of animal physiology and behaviour such as feeding, reproduction, development and locomotion. Transcriptomic data from larval and adult tissues have been obtained and mined to generate a comprehensive neuropeptidome for the polyphagous insect pest Spodoptera exigua. Sixty-three neuropeptides have been identified and described based on their tissue specificity and their regulation in response to different abiotic perturbations. Expression analyses have identified those neuropeptides involved in ingestive and digestive behaviour of S. exigua larvae and revealed a general pattern of upregulation in the midgut during larval starvation. Our results represent a comprehensive neuropeptidome of a lepidopteran species that will be highly relevant to future studies and provide novel information of the insect's perception of its environment.