Information in Spanish on YouTube about Covid-19 vaccines.

Our objective was to analyze the sources, characteristics, tone, and content of the most viewed YouTube videos in Spanish about Covid-19 vaccines. In February 2021, a search was carried out on YouTube using the terms "Vacuna Covid," "Vacuna coronavirus," and "Vacuna Covid19." Associations between tone, source, and others variables (e.g. number of views or dislikes) were studied with a Mann-Whitney U-test and a chi-square test. A total of 118 videos were analyzed; 63.6% were originated from Mexico and the USA; media created 57.6% of the videos. Positive tone was observed in 53.4%. The most discussed topics were target groups for vaccination (38.9%) and safety (43.2%). The 68 videos produced by media accumulated 31,565,295 views (55.0% of views), and the 19 videos created by health professionals obtained 10,742,825 views (18.7% of views). A significantly smaller number of likes was obtained in videos of media compared to those created by health professionals (p = .004). Videos made by health professionals, compared to those of media, showed a greater positive tone (OR = 3.09). Hoaxes/conspiracy theories were identified in 1.7% of the videos. Monitoring that the information on YouTube about Covid-19 vaccines is reliable should be a central part of Covid-19 vaccination campaigns.

YouTube as a Source of Influenza Vaccine Information in Spanish.

Our objective was to analyze the information in Spanish on YouTube about the influenza vaccine. In August 2020, a search was conducted on YouTube using the terms "Vacuna gripe", "Vacuna influenza", and "Vacuna gripa". Associations between the type of authorship, country of publication, and other variables (such as tone, hoaxes, and vaccination recommendations) were studied via univariate analysis. A total of 100 videos were evaluated; 57.0% were created in Mexico (24.0%), Argentina (17.0%), and Spain (16.0%), and 74.0% were produced by mass media or health professionals. Positive messages were detected in 65.0%. The main topics were the benefits of the vaccine (59.0%) and adverse effects (39.0%). Hoaxes were detected in 19 videos. User-generated content, compared to that of health professionals, showed a higher probability of hoaxes (odds ratio (OR) = 15.56), a lower positive tone (OR = 0.04), and less evidence of recommendations to vaccinate pregnant individuals (OR = 0.09) and people aged 60/65 or older. Videos published in Spain, in comparison with those from Hispanic America, presented significant differences in the positive tone of their messages (OR = 0.19) and in the evidence of the benefits of vaccination (OR = 0.32). A higher probability of hoaxes was detected in videos from Spain and the USA. Information in Spanish about the influenza vaccine on YouTube is usually not very complete. Spanish health professionals are urged to produce pro-vaccination videos that counteract hoaxes, and users in Hispanic America should be advised to consult videos produced in Hispanic American countries by health professionals to obtain reliable information.

Information in Spanish on the Internet about the Prevention of COVID-19.

Objective. Our objective was to analyze the evolution of the information in Spanish online about the prevention of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods. On 1 March and 13 July 2020, two searches were conducted on Google with the terms "Prevencion COVID-19" and "Prevencion Coronavirus". In each stage, a univariate analysis was performed to study the association of the authorship and country of origin with the basic recommendations to avoid COVID-19 provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results. A total of 120 weblinks were evaluated. The recommendation found most frequently in both stages was "wash your hands frequently" (93.3% in March vs. 90.0% in July). There was a significant increase in the detection of the following recommendations: "avoid touching your face" (56.7% vs. 80.0%) and "stay at home if you feel unwell" (28.3% vs. 63.3%). Weblinks of official public health organizations more frequently provided the advice to "seek medical advice if you develop a fever/cough or have difficulty breathing". Furthermore, in July, such weblinks provided recommendations to "avoid touching your face" and "maintain a distance of one meter" more frequently than the mass media (OR = 11.5 and 10.5, respectively). In March, the recommendation to "maintain a distance of at least 1 m" was associated with the weblinks from countries with local transmission/imported cases (OR = 8.1). Different/ambiguous information regarding the WHO recommendations was detected in four weblinks. Conclusion. The availability of information in Spanish online on basic prevention measures has improved over time, although there is still room for improvement. It is necessary to promote the use of the websites of official public health organizations among Spanish-speaking users.

Characteristics of YouTube Videos in Spanish on How to Prevent COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of YouTube videos in Spanish on the basic measures to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: On 18 March 2020, a search was conducted on YouTube using the terms "Prevencion Coronavirus" and "Prevencion COVID-19". We studied the associations between the type of authorship and the country of publication with other variables (such as the number of likes and basic measures to prevent COVID-19 according to the World Health Organization, among others) with univariate analysis and a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 129 videos were evaluated; 37.2% were produced in Mexico (25.6%) and Spain (11.6%), and 56.6% were produced by mass media, including television and newspapers. The most frequently reported basic preventive measure was hand washing (71.3%), and the least frequent was not touching the eyes, nose, and mouth (24.0%). Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%). In terms of authorship, papers produced by health professionals had a higher probability of reporting hand hygiene (OR (95% CI) = 4.20 (1.17-15.09)) and respiratory hygiene (OR (95% CI) = 3.05 (1.22-7.62)) as preventive measures. CONCLUSION: Information from YouTube in Spanish on basic measures to prevent COVID-19 is usually not very complete and differs according to the type of authorship. Our findings make it possible to guide Spanish-speaking users on the characteristics of the videos to be viewed in order to obtain reliable information.

Assessment of Health Information About COVID-19 Prevention on the Internet: Infodemiological Study.

BACKGROUND: The internet is a large source of health information and has the capacity to influence its users. However, the information found on the internet often lacks scientific rigor, as anyone may upload content. This factor is a cause of great concern to scientific societies, governments, and users. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to investigate the information about the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the internet. METHODS: On February 29, 2020, we performed a Google search with the terms "Prevention coronavirus," "Prevention COVID-19," "Prevención coronavirus," and "Prevención COVID-19". A univariate analysis was performed to study the association between the type of authorship, country of publication, and recommendations to avoid COVID-19 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS: In total, 80 weblinks were reviewed. Most of them were produced in the United States and Spain (n=58, 73%) by digital media sources and official public health organizations (n=60, 75%). The most mentioned WHO preventive measure was "wash your hands frequently" (n=65, 81%). A less frequent recommendation was to "stay home if you feel unwell" (n=26, 33%). The analysis by type of author (official public health organizations versus digital media) revealed significant differences regarding the recommendation to wear a mask when you are healthy only if caring for a person with suspected COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 4.39). According to the country of publication (Spain versus the United States), significant differences were detected regarding some recommendations such as "wash your hands frequently" (OR 9.82), "cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze" (OR 4.59), or "stay home if you feel unwell" (OR 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to urge and promote the use of the websites of official public health organizations when seeking information on COVID-19 preventive measures on the internet. In this way, users will be able to obtain high-quality information more frequently, and such websites may improve their accessibility and positioning, given that search engines justify the positioning of links obtained in a search based on the frequency of access to them.

Characteristics of YouTube videos about the meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB).

YouTube has become a large source of health information, and it has the capacity to influence users: for instance, regarding their vaccination habits. The aim of our study was to analyze the characteristics of the videos published on YouTube about the meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB, Bexsero®). A search was made on YouTube using the keyword "Bexsero." The association between the authorship of videos (health professionals or others) and the rest of the variables (tone of the message and vaccination recommendations, among others) was evaluated using the Chi-square test. In total, 77 videos were analyzed; 74% supported the use of the vaccine, and the most frequently mentioned vaccination recommendations were in epidemic outbreaks (28.6%) and in children (18.2%). Depending on the type of authorship, significant differences were observed regarding the tone of the message and the frequency with which the videos discussed effectiveness, dosage, adverse effects, and vaccination recommendations. There is a difficulty in obtaining information on vaccination recommendations. Recommendations are very diverse since there is a great heterogeneity in the official recommendations for the use of this vaccine, depending on the country the information is from.

Desinfectantes químicos: Alcoholes / No disponible

No disponible

Desinfectantes químicos: Fenoles y tensioactivos (Amonios cuaternarios) / No disponible

No disponible

[Assessment of health information available online regarding meningococcal B vaccine recommendations]. / Assessment of health information available online regarding meningococcal B vaccine recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: The quality of health information online is a concern to governments and users. Our objective was to determine the extent to which the information available online regarding meningococcal B vaccine recommendations adhere to the guidelines of the Spanish Ministry of Health. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in April 2017. The study assessed adherence of information regarding vaccine recommendations to official guidelines. The information was collected via Google with 20 keywords. The Chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between the adhered information and its origin. RESULTS: In total, 186 web links were analyzed. Adhered recommendations were found in a range of links, from 52.2% (97/186) with an indication for people with properdin deficiency/terminal component pathway deficiency, to 79.6% for outbreak situations. Vaccinating children from two months of age was a recommendation not issued by the Ministry that was found in 72.6% of the links. For each of the Ministry recommendations, official public health institutions always provide information adhering to them. Digital media provided information about vaccination adhering to official guidelines with a significantly higher frequency than scientific societies in cases of people with properdin deficiency/terminal component pathway deficiency (OR: 2.72; 95%CI: 1.18-6.28) and asplenia (OR: 3.83; 95%CI: 1.66-8.86). CONCLUSIONS: We have observed a difficulty to obtain adhered information. Users must be encouraged to access websites of official public health institutions when looking for information about this vaccine.

OBJETIVO: La calidad de la información sanitaria en internet preocupa a gobiernos y usuarios. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar en qué medida la información disponible en la red sobre las recomendaciones de vacunación frente al meningococo B se adhiere a lo indicado por el Ministerio de Sanidad español. METODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en abril de 2017. Se evaluó la adhesión de la información sobre recomendaciones de recibir la vacuna. La información se obtuvo a través de Google utilizando veinte palabras clave. Se utilizó la prueba chi-cuadrado para estudiar la asociación entre obtener información adherida y el tipo de origen de la misma. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 186 enlaces web. Se detectaron recomendaciones adheridas entre el 52,2% (97/186) de los enlaces para la indicación en personas con deficiencia de properdina/factores terminales del complemento, y el 79,6% para las situaciones de brotes. Vacunar a niños a partir de los dos meses de edad fue una recomendación no elaborada por el Ministerio que se detectó en el 72,6% de los enlaces. Para cada una de las recomendaciones del Ministerio, los organismos oficiales de salud pública siempre proporcionaron información adherida. Medios de comunicación digitales aportaron con una frecuencia significativamente mayor, que las Sociedades Científicas, información adherida sobre vacunar a personas con deficiencia de properdina/factores terminales del complemento (OR: 2,72; IC95%: 1,18-6,28) y asplenia (OR: 3,83; IC95%: 1,66-8,86). CONCLUSIONES: Se evidencia una dificultad para obtener información adherida a lo indicado por la ponencia de vacunación del Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Se debe promocionar en los usuarios la consulta de páginas web de organismos oficiales de salud pública cuando busquen información sobre esta vacuna.

Seguridad de la sedación profunda con propofol controlada por el endoscopista en la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Estudio prospectivo en un hospital terciario / The safety of deep sedation with propofol controlled by the endoscopist in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a prospective study in a tertiary hospital

Introducción: el propofol, administrado por el endoscopista con una enfermera entrenada, ha evolucionado como alternativa a la monitorización anestésica y es cada vez más frecuente en la práctica clínica habitual, incluso en endoscopia avanzada. Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad de la sedación profunda con propofol controlada por el endoscopista en pacientes sometidos a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo en los pacientes a los que se les realizó CPRE bajo sedación profunda con propofol. Se incluyeron diferentes variables relacionadas con el paciente y se registraron los datos iniciales y finales de la saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), la tensión arterial (TA), y la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) para determinar la presencia de eventos adversos a la sedación (hipoxemia, hipotensión o bradicardia). Resultados: un total de 661 pacientes fueron sometidos a CPRE bajo sedación con propofol durante un periodo de 24 meses. La tasa de eventos adversos registrada fue del 9,7%. La más frecuente fue la hipoxemia (5,7%), seguida de la radicardia (2,4%) y de la hipotensión (1,6%). En el análisis univariante, la aparición de eventos adversos a la sedación (EAS) se asoció a una clasificación de ASA ≥ III (p = 0,026), a pacientes de edad más avanzada (p = 0,009), mayor IMC (p = 0,002) y a un tiempo de exploración más prolongado (p = 0,034). La dosis de inducción de propofol también se relacionó con mayor probabilidad de eventos adversos (p = 0,045), pero no la dosis total de propofol administrado (p = 0,153). En el análisis de regresión logística multivariante, la edad, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la duración de la exploración se registran como predictores independientes de EAS (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la sedación profunda con propofol controlada por personal de endoscopia entrenado es un método seguro en procedimientos endoscópicos complejos como la CPRE

Introduction: propofol administered by an endoscopist with a trained nurse has evolved as an alternative to anesthesia monitoring and is increasingly common in the routine clinical practice, even in advanced endoscopy. Objective: to evaluate the safety of deep sedation with endoscopist-controlled propofol in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Material and methods: this was a prospective study in patients undergoing ERCP under deep sedation with propofol. Different patient-related variables were included and the initial and final data on oxygen saturation (SatO2), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in order to determine the presence of adverse events due to sedation (hypoxemia, hypotension, or bradycardia). Results: a total of 661 patients underwent ERCP under sedation with propofol over a 24-month period. The rate of recorded adverse events was 9.7%. The most frequent adverse event was hypoxemia (5.7%), followed by bradycardia (2.4%) and hypotension (1.6%). According to the univariate analysis, the occurrence of adverse events due to sedation (AES) was associated with an ASA score ≥ III (p = 0.026), older patients (p = 0.009), higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.002) and a longer exploration time (p = 0.034). The induction dose of propofol was also associated with a greater likelihood of adverse events (p = 0.045) but not the total dose of propofol administered (p = 0.153). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, body mass index (BMI) and the duration of the exploration were independent predictors of SAE (p < 0.05). Conclusion: deep sedation with propofol controlled by trained endoscopy staff is a safe method in complex endoscopic procedures such as ERCP

The safety of deep sedation with propofol controlled by the endoscopist in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a prospective study in a tertiary hospital.

INTRODUCTION: propofol administered by an endoscopist with a trained nurse has evolved as an alternative to anesthesia monitoring and is increasingly common in the routine clinical practice, even in advanced endoscopy. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the safety of deep sedation with endoscopist-controlled propofol in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: this was a prospective study in patients undergoing ERCP under deep sedation with propofol. Different patient-related variables were included and the initial and final data on oxygen saturation (SatO2), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in order to determine the presence of adverse events due to sedation (hypoxemia, hypotension, or bradycardia). RESULTS: a total of 661 patients underwent ERCP under sedation with propofol over a 24-month period. The rate of recorded adverse events was 9.7%. The most frequent adverse event was hypoxemia (5.7%), followed by bradycardia (2.4%) and hypotension (1.6%). According to the univariate analysis, the occurrence of adverse events due to sedation (AES) was associated with an ASA score ≥ III (p = 0.026), older patients (p = 0.009), higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.002) and a longer exploration time (p = 0.034). The induction dose of propofol was also associated with a greater likelihood of adverse events (p = 0.045) but not the total dose of propofol administered (p = 0.153). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, body mass index (BMI) and the duration of the exploration were independent predictors of SAE (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: deep sedation with propofol controlled by trained endoscopy staff is a safe method in complex endoscopic procedures such as ERCP.

Evaluación de la información sanitaria disponible en internet sobre las recomendaciones de vacunación frente al meningococo B / Assessment of health information available online regarding meningococcal B vaccine recommendations

Fundamentos: La calidad de la información sanitaria en internet preocupa a gobiernos y usuarios. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar en qué medida la información disponible en la red sobre las recomendaciones de vacunación frente al meningococo B se adhiere a lo indicado por el Ministerio de Sanidad español. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en abril de 2017. Se evaluó la adhesión de la información sobre recomendaciones de recibir la vacuna. La información se obtuvo a través de Google utilizando veinte palabras clave. Se utilizó la prueba chi-cuadrado para estudiar la asociación entre obtener información adherida y el tipo de origen de la misma. Resultados: Se analizaron 186 enlaces web. Se detectaron recomendaciones adheridas entre el 52,2% (97/186) de los enlaces para la indicación en personas con deficiencia de properdina/factores terminales del complemento, y el 79,6% para las situaciones de brotes. Vacunar a niños a partir de los dos meses de edad fue una recomendación no elaborada por el Ministerio que se detectó en el 72,6% de los enlaces. Para cada una de las recomendaciones del Ministerio, los organismos oficiales de salud pública siempre proporcionaron información adherida. Medios de comunicación digitales aportaron con una frecuencia significativamente mayor, que las Sociedades Científicas, información adherida sobre vacunar a personas con deficiencia de properdina/factores terminales del complemento (OR: 2,72; IC95%: 1,18-6,28) y asplenia (OR: 3,83; IC95%: 1,66-8,86). Conclusiones: Se evidencia una dificultad para obtener información adherida a lo indicado por la ponencia de vacunación del Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Se debe promocionar en los usuarios la consulta de páginas web de organismos oficiales de salud pública cuando busquen información sobre esta vacuna

Background: The quality of health information online is a concern to governments and users. Our objective was to determine the extent to which the information available online regarding meningococcal B vaccine recommendations adhere to the guidelines of the Spanish Ministry of Health. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in April 2017. The study assessed adherence of information regarding vaccine recommendations to official guidelines. The information was collected via Google with 20 keywords. The Chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between the adhered information and its origin. Results: In total, 186 web links were analyzed. Adhered recommendations were found in a range of links, from 52.2% (97/186) with an indication for people with properdin deficiency/terminal component pathway deficiency, to 79.6% for outbreak situations. Vaccinating children from two months of age was a recommendation not issued by the Ministry that was found in 72.6% of the links. For each of the Ministry recommendations, official public health institutions always provide information adhering to them. Digital media provided information about vaccination adhering to official guidelines with a significantly higher frequency than scientific societies in cases of people with properdin deficiency/terminal component pathway deficiency (OR: 2.72; 95%CI: 1.18-6.28) and asplenia (OR: 3.83; 95%CI: 1.66-8.86). Conclusions: We have observed a difficulty to obtain adhered information. Users must be encouraged to access websites of official public health institutions when looking for information about this vaccine

Cultura de la seguridad del paciente en directivos y gestores de un servicio de salud / Patient safety culture in directors and managers of a health service

Objetivo: Evaluar la cultura de seguridad del paciente en personas directivas/gestoras. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal efectuado entre febrero y junio de 2011 en personal directivo/gestor del Servicio Aragonés de Salud mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Se realizaron 12 entrevistas. Todos/as admitieron la existencia de diversidad de problemas de seguridad del paciente y coincidieron en reconocerla como prioritaria de forma más teórica que práctica. La excesiva rotación de directivos/as se consideró como una importante barrera que dificulta establecer estrategias a largo plazo y dar continuidad a medio plazo. Conclusiones Este trabajo recogió las percepciones sobre cultura de seguridad del paciente en directivos/as, hecho esencial para mejorar la cultura de seguridad del paciente en este colectivo y en las organizaciones que dirigen (AU)

Objective: To assess patient safety culture in directors/managers. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out from February to June 2011 among the executive/managing staff of the Aragón Health Service through semi-structured interviews. Results: A total of 12 interviews were carried out. All the respondents admitted that there were many patient safety problems and agreed that patient safety was a priority from a theoretical rather than practical perspective. The excessive changes in executive positions was considered to be an important barrier which made it difficult to establish long-term strategies and achieve medium-term continuity. Conclusions: This study recorded perceptions on patient safety culture in directors, an essential factor to improve patient safety culture in this group and in the organizations they run (AU)

[Patient safety culture in directors and managers of a health service]. / Cultura de la seguridad del paciente en directivos y gestores de un servicio de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To assess patient safety culture in directors/managers. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out from February to June 2011 among the executive/managing staff of the Aragón Health Service through semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: A total of 12 interviews were carried out. All the respondents admitted that there were many patient safety problems and agreed that patient safety was a priority from a theoretical rather than practical perspective. The excessive changes in executive positions was considered to be an important barrier which made it difficult to establish long-term strategies and achieve medium-term continuity. CONCLUSIONS: This study recorded perceptions on patient safety culture in directors, an essential factor to improve patient safety culture in this group and in the organisations they run.

Cultura de seguridad del paciente en directivos, responsables de calidad y representantes sindicales en Aragón / Patient safety culture among directors, quality managers and union representatives in Aragón

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la cultura de seguridad del paciente en directivos, responsables de calidad y sindicales en Aragón (España). Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en directivos, responsables de calidad y representantes sindicales del Servicio Aragonés de Salud. La información se obtuvo utilizando un cuestionario autocumplimentado elaborado ad hoc, formado por 46 ítems distribuidos en seis dimensiones. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta fue del 64,6% (113/175). La principal fortaleza correspondió al ítem "cuando hay un problema valoramos si necesitamos cambiar la manera de hacer las cosas" (respuestas positivas: 88,2%). Como debilidades se detectaron: falta de participación de pacientes (respuestas negativas: 69,3%), e inexistencia de asesoría psicológica para profesionales que sufren un evento adverso (respuestas negativas: 57,9%). Conclusiones: La evaluación de la cultura de seguridad del paciente en el colectivo estudiado permitió detectar mejoras, hecho esencial para lograr desplegar la estrategia de seguridad del paciente en la organización que dirigen

The aim of this study is to assess patient safety culture among directors, quality managers and union representatives in Aragón (Spain). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among directors, quality managers and union representatives of the Aragón Health Service. The information was collected through a self-dministered questionnaire created ad hoc, which included 46 items into six categories. Results:The response rate was 64.6% (113/175). The main strength was item "when there is a problem, we assess if it's needed to change the ways of doing things" (positive answers: 88.2%). The following areas may be improved: lack of participation of patients (negative answers: 69.3%), and lack of psychological counselling for professionals who suffer an adverse event (negative answers: 57.9%). Conclusions: The assessment of patient safety culture in the group of workers in our study has made possible to identify aspects that may improve the implementation of patient safety strategy in the organization they manage