Detection of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in a public healthcare center from Venezuela.

INTRODUCTION: The dramatic increase in the prevalence and clinical impact of infections caused by Carbapenemase-Producing Bacteria in the nosocomial setting in Latin America represents an emerging challenge to public health. The present study detected carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in patients from a Hospital from Venezuela, by phenotypic and genotypic methods. METHODOLOGY: The bacterial identification was carried out using conventional methods. The resistance to carbapenems was performed by Kirby-Baüer disk diffusion method, according to CLSI recommendations. The modified Hodge Test, double-disk with phenylboronic acid, double-disk with EDTA and Blue Carba Test were performed to detect phenotypic carbapenemase producers. The carbapenemase-encoding genes blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA-2, blaOXA-3, blaOXA-15 and blaOXA-21 were determined. RESULTS: The bacterial species identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae complex (181), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51), and Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (119). KPC-type was detected in 40.17% of isolates and VIM-type in 14.53%. KPC-type gene was only identified in K. pneumoniae isolates (77.9%). VIM-type gene was identified in P. aeruginosa (86.27%) and K. pneumoniae isolates (3.87%). There was not detection of IMP-type and OXA-type genes. CONCLUSIONS: We found a predominance of K. pneumoniae KPC producers and a high rate of VIM-producing P. aeruginosa. The epidemiology of CPB in Venezuela is rapidly evolving, and enhanced surveillance and reporting are needed across the healthcare continuum.

[Antimicrobial susceptibility and polyclonal dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus strains]. / Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y diseminación policlonal de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence ofmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), its antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and classify strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 106 S. aureus strains isolated from patients hospitalized at the Maracaibo city university hospital, Venezuela, were processed during the first quarter of 2009. The culture, isolation and identification of S. aureus were done by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. The presence of mecA gene in MRSA strains was verified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Fifty-four strains (50.94%) were MRSA and twenty three antibiotypes were detected. The most frequently observed was the one including beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides and quinolones. There were forty multi-resistant isolates (74.0%) between MRSA strains. All methicillin-resistant isolates were mecA positive. PFGE classified MRSA stains in 50 pulsotypes, each one containing between six and thirteen bands. Four small groups, of two strains each, had 80% of similarity. Five of the eight strains in these small clusters (62.50%) had the same pattern of resistance. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of multi-resistant MRSA strains with polyclonal dissemination in the hospital.

Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y diseminación policlonal de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus / Antimicrobial susceptibility and polyclonal dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus strains

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), its antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and classify strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Material and Methods: 106 S. aureus strains isolated from patients hospitalized at the Maracaibo city university hospital, Venezuela, were processed during the first quarter of 2009. The culture, isolation and identification of S. aureus were done by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. The presence of mecA gene in MRSA strains was verified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Fifty-four strains (50.94%) were MRSA and twenty three antibiotypes were detected. The most frequently observed was the one including β-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides and quinolones. There were forty multi-resistant isolates (74.0%) between MRSA strains. All methicillin-resistant isolates were mecA positive. PFGE classified MRSA stains in 50 pulsotypes, each one containing between six and thirteen bands. Four small groups, of two strains each, had 80% of similarity. Five of the eight strains in these small clusters (62.50%) had the same pattern of resistance. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of multi-resistant MRSA strains with polyclonal dissemination in the hospital.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM), su patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y tipificar las cepas mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (EGCP). Materiales y Métodos: 106 cepas de S. aureus aisladas de pacientes recluidos en un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela, fueron procesadas durante el primer trimestre del 2009. El cultivo, aislamiento e identificación de las cepas se hizo por los métodos convencionales. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana fue determinada por el método de difusión con disco. Se verificó la presencia del gen mecA en las cepas de SARM mediante la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). Resultados: Cincuenta y cuatro cepas (50,9%) eran SARM y se detectaron veintitrés antibiotipos, siendo el que incluye β-lactámicos, macrólidos, lincosamidas, aminoglucósidos y quinolonas, el más frecuentemente observado (55,5%). Hubo cuarenta aislados (74,0%) multi-resistentes entre las cepas de SARM. Todas las cepas resistentes a meticilina fueron positivas para mecA. Por EGCP, las cepas de SARM fueron clasificadas en 50 pulsotipos, según el perfil de cortes obtenidos, conteniendo cada uno, entre seis y trece bandas. Cuatro grupos, de dos cepas cada uno, fueron detectados con 80% de similitud. Cinco de las ocho cepas en estos grupos (62,5%) tenían el mismo patrón de resistencia. Conclusión: En el hospital, existe una alta prevalencia de cepas SARM multi-resistentes con difusión policlonal.