Epidemiological Trends of Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in Puerto Rico from November 10th, 2006, through May 24th, 2011.

OBJECTIVE: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), injury to the central nervous system (CNS) continues to be a leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in the US today. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed to determine the incidence of all traumatic CNS injuries. Descriptive variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Quantitative variables were expressed as means and averages (plus/minus standard deviation); bivariate cross-tabulation and multiple regression analyses were employed to identify risk factors and compare epidemiological patterns of injury related variables. RESULTS: Information from 3,202 patients with confirmed CNS injuries was collected and analyzed. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) had occurred in 2,524 of the cases (78.8%). Spine injuries had occurred in 831 cases (25.9%), and 197 cases (6.2%) had suffered spinal cord injuries. Overall, most of the cases were male (75.0%) and with a median age of 40 years. Of the total number of cases, newborns and infants (<= 4 years of age) comprised 7.8% and elderly individuals (>65 years of age), 27.4%. Nearly half of the injuries were due to falls (47.5%), followed by motor vehicle and other transport accidents (35.2%). Loss of consciousness occurred in 61.3% of the traumas. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was used to categorize TBI severity and showed that the majority of TBIs were mild (70.0%). Over 90% of all cases had been injured either at home (42.8%) or on the street (49.1%). CONCLUSION: These results are evidence that additional collaborative efforts that focus on trauma are needed to increase knowledge, public health awareness, and preventive measures.

High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in Hispanic adolescents: correlations with adipocytokines and markers of inflammation.

This study assessed the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and adypocytokines in a Hispanic adolescent subgroup. A clinic-based sample of 101 Puerto Rican adolescents, 48 of whom were overweight or obese based on body mass index percentiles for age and sex, was recruited during 2010. Data were collected through interviews, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, and blood drawing. Overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 16.8 % and increased to 37.5 % among overweight/obese youth. The overweight/obese group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for abdominal obesity measures, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin resistance, C peptide, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, fibrinogen, leptin, and IL-6 and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, and IGF-1. Total adiponectin significantly correlated with most cardiovascular risk factors independent of sex, Tanner stage, and adiposity. Altered cardiometabolic and adipocytokine profiles were present in this Hispanic subgroup, reinforcing the need to strengthen strategies addressing childhood obesity.