CO2 and CH4 dynamics in a eutrophic tropical Andean reservoir.

We studied the dynamics of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a eutrophic tropical reservoir located in the Colombian Andes. Temporal and spatial dynamics were addressed through sampling during six field campaigns conducted throughout a two-year period. We monitored fluxes at the air-water interface, dissolved gas concentrations, physical and chemical properties of the water column, microstructure profiles of turbulence, and meteorological conditions. Throughout the study period, the reservoir was a persistent source of CH4 to the atmosphere with higher emissions occurring in the near inflow region. During periods of low water levels, both the emissions and surface concentrations of CH4 were higher and more spatially heterogeneous. The measured CO2 fluxes at the air-water interface changed direction depending on the time and location, showing alternating uptake and emissions by the water surface. Mass balances of dissolved CH4 in the surface mixed layer revealed that biochemical reactions and gas evasion were the most significant processes influencing the dynamics of dissolved CH4, and provided new evidence of possible oxic methane production. Our results also suggest that surface CH4 concentrations are higher under more eutrophic conditions, which varied both spatially and temporally.

The Validation of the Kutcher Adolescent Depression 6-Item Scale in a Sample of Colombian Preadolescents and Adolescents.

Against the background of a lack of screening instruments for measuring depressive symptoms in Colombian adolescents and preadolescents, this study aims to establish the internal consistency reliability, component structure and the concurrent and discriminant validity of the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Six-Item Scale (KADS-6) among preadolescent school students in Sincelejo, Colombia. Participated 710 youth (10.8 years of age ± .75 years) divided into two groups to cross-validate analyses that were undertaken to determine the internal consistency reliability, as well as the concurrent and discriminant validity, of the KADS-6 among preadolescents. Results show that over 95% of the sample did not report problems understanding any of the items on the KADS-6. The KADS-6 had acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity and was unidimensional. In conclusion, The KADS-6 is well understood by Colombian preadolescents and has adequate psychometric properties in adolescents, rendering it acceptable for use with Colombian preadolescents.

Association of the type of metabolic acidosis and non-survival of horses with colitis.

Background: Metabolic acidosis (MA) is the most common acid-base disorder reported in horses with colitis but its association with survival is yet to be determined. Objective: Investigate the types of MA in horses with colitis to determine effects of various anions on fatality rates. Animals and procedures: We studied 158 horses with colitis. Horses were classified into 4 groups depending on the anion contributing to MA: i) no MA, ii) lactic acidosis (LA), iii) unmeasured strong ion (USI) acidosis, and iv) hyperchloremic acidosis (HA). Results: Sixty percent (95/158) of horses had no MA, 22% (34/158) had LA, 12% (19/158) had HA, and 6% (10/158) had USI acidosis. The fatality rate of horses without MA was 20% (20/95), whereas the rates for those with LA, USI, and HA were 53% (18/34), 30% (3/10), and 16% (3/19), respectively. Horses with LA were more likely to die or be euthanized than horses without MA (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.83 to 9.72, P < 0.001) and HA (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.47 to 24.4, P < 0.01). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Lactic acidosis was the most common type of MA in horses with colitis, and it was associated with non-survival.

Association du type d'acidose métabolique et de non-survie des chevaux atteints de colite. Historique: L'acidose métabolique (AM) est le trouble acido-basique le plus fréquemment signalé chez les chevaux atteints de colite, mais son association avec la survie reste à déterminer. Objectif: Étudier les types d'AM chez les chevaux atteints de colite pour déterminer les effets de divers anions sur les taux de mortalité. Animaux et procédures: Nous avons étudié 158 chevaux atteints de colite. Les chevaux ont été classés en 4 groupes en fonction de l'anion contribuant à l'AM : i) pas d'AM, ii) acidose lactique (LA), iii) acidose à ions forts non mesurés (USI) et iv) acidose hyperchlorémique (HA). Résultats: Soixante pour cent (95/158) des chevaux n'avaient pas d'AM, 22 % (34/158) avaient une LA, 12 % (19/158) avaient une HA et 6 % (10/158) avaient une acidose USI. Le taux de mortalité des chevaux sans AM était de 20 % (20/95), tandis que les taux de ceux avec LA, USI et HA étaient de 53 % (18/34), 30 % (3/10) et 16 % (3/19), respectivement. Les chevaux atteints de LA étaient plus susceptibles de mourir ou d'être euthanasiés que les chevaux sans AM (OR : 4,2, IC à 95 % : 1,83 à 9,72, P < 0,001) et HA (OR : 5,9, IC à 95 % : 1,47 à 24,4, P < 0,01). Conclusion et pertinence clinique: L'acidose lactique était le type d'AM le plus courant chez les chevaux atteints de colite et elle était associée à la non-survie.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Comparison of Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor for Dual Antiplatelet Therapy of Patients with Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms Undergoing Endovascular Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic events are critical complications in neuroendovascular procedures, and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) can reduce them. The effects of using aspirin and clopidogrel in DAPT are well characterized, but use of aspirin and ticagrelor has been less studied. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study, conducted between April 1, 2015, and December 30, 2020, included patients with endovascular treatment with flow-diverting and non-flow-diverting stents for unruptured cerebral aneurysms who received DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel or with aspirin and ticagrelor. RESULTS: Of 148 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms with flow-diverting and non-flow-diverting stents started on DAPT with aspirin (100 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day), 24 had a poor response to clopidogrel according to the VerifyNow test and had DAPT changed to aspirin (100 mg/day) and ticagrelor (90 mg every 12 hours). One thrombotic complication (0.81%) and 1 bleeding complication (0.81%) occurred in patients receiving DAPT with clopidogrel and aspirin during the procedure. These complications did not occur (0.00%) in patients receiving DAPT with ticagrelor and aspirin. At the 6-month follow-up, 4 patients (3.15%) in the clopidogrel group presented with thrombotic complications, whereas no patients (0.00%) in the ticagrelor group experienced this complication. At 6-month follow-up, 4 patients (3.23%) in the clopidogrel group presented with hemorrhagic complications, whereas only 1 patient (4.17%) in the ticagrelor group experienced this complication. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that DAPT with ticagrelor (90 mg every 12 hours) and aspirin (100 mg/day) is a safe and effective alternative to DAPT with clopidogrel (75 mg/day) and aspirin (100 mg/day) for patients with an inadequate response to clopidogrel.

Angiographic outcomes of embolization in patients with intracranial aneurysms with coil- assisted Laser cut stent versus braided stents.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are a focal dilatation of the vessel wall, the rupture of these, causes subarachnoid hemorrhage. Until now, endovascular management is the ideal treatment, providing the interventionist a range of options among which the stent and coils embolization stands out because of its occlusion rate. This study presents the results of a retrospective cohort comparing the effectiveness, morbidity, and mortality of IA treatment with laser-cut stent-assisted coils versus braided stents. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with coil-assisted laser-cut stents or braided stents between January 2014 and December 2021. RESULTS: In total, 138 patients with 147 intracranial aneurysms were analyzed, 91 of them were treated with laser-cut stent and 56 with braided stents. The main antecedent was arterial hypertension (48.55%). In the immediate angiographic control, a Raymond Roy scale (RRO) I was obtained in 86.81% of the patients with laser-cut stents and 87.50% of the patients with braided stents. In the angiographic follow-up at 12 months, an RRO I occlusion rate of 85.19% was reported in both groups. Perioperative complications occur in 16 patients treated with laser-cut stents and 12 patients treated with braided stents. Three patients presented bleeding complications during the 12-month follow-up, of which two correspond to patients treated with braided stents and one with a laser-cut stent. CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients with intracranial aneurysms with laser-cut stents or braided stents and coils is just as safe and effective.

Flow Diverter Treatment for Non-Ruptured Carotid Aneurysms: Efficacy and Safety.

PURPOSE: Internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm treatment with a flow diverter (FD) has shown an adequate efficacy and safety profile, presenting high complete occlusion or near occlusion rates with low complications during follow-up. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FD treatment in non-ruptured internal carotid aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center, observational study evaluating patients diagnosed with unruptured ICA aneurysms treated with an FD between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2020. We analyzed an anonymized database. The primary effectiveness endpoint was complete occlusion (O'Kelly-Marotta D, OKM-D) of the target aneurysm through 1-year follow-up. The safety endpoint was the evaluation of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 90 days after treatment, considering a favorable outcome an mRS 0-2. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were treated with an FD, 91.5% were women; the mean follow- up was 427.2±144.8 days. Technical success was achieved in 105 cases (99.1%). All patients included had 1-year follow-up digital subtraction angiography control; 78 patients (73.6%) completed the primary efficacy endpoint by achieving total occlusion (OKM-D). Giant aneurysms had a higher risk of not achieving complete occlusion (risk ratio, 3.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.70 - 5.54]). The safety endpoint of mRS 0-2 at 90 days was accomplished in 103 patients (97.2%). CONCLUSION: Treatment of unruptured ICA aneurysms with an FD showed high 1-year total occlusion results, with very low morbidity and mortality complications.

A Mouthwash with Cetylpyridinium Chlorideis reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load in +COVID-19 / Un enjuague con Cloruro de Cetilpiridinio redujo la carga salival del virus SARSCoV-2 en pacientes con Covid-19

Aim: The aim of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial is to evaluate the capacity of a mouthwash to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of patients with COVID-19. Methods: Twenty-three symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive outpatients were selected andrandomised into two groups and registered at NTC 04563689. Both groups rinsed and gargled for one minute with either distilled water (Placebo) or with 0.05% Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) plus 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (PERIOAID Intensive Care). Saliva samples were collected before the use of placebo or mouthwash and after 15 minutes and 1 and 2 hours of either of the above treatment. A saliva sample was also taken five days after regular use of placebo or mouthwash twice daily. The virus was detected by qRT-PCR. Results: A great heterogeneity in the viral load values was observed at baseline in both groups for nasopharyngeal and saliva samples. Most of the patients who used the mouthwash (8/12) had a significant decrease in baseline viral load after 15 min (greater than 99% reduction). This inhibitory effect was maintained for up to two hours in 10 of the 12 patients. At five days, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detectedin only 1 patient from the mouthwash group and in 5 from the placebo group. Conclusions: This study points out that a CPC mouthwash can reduce the viral load in saliva of COVID-positive patients. This finding may be important in transmission control of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of CPC mouthwash-reduction on SARS-CoV-2 shedding in saliva requires further study.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este ensayo clínico piloto aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo es evaluar la capacidad de un enjuague bucal para reducir la carga viral del SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva de pacientes con COVID-19. Materiales y métodos:Veintitrés pacientes ambulatorios positivos para SARS-CoV-2 sintomáticos fueron seleccionados y aleatorizados en dos grupos y registrados en el NTC 04563689. Ambos grupos se enjuagaron y hicieron gárgaras durante un minuto con agua destilada (placebo) o con cloruro decetilpiridinio al 0 ,05 % (CPC). ) más enjuague bucal con Clorhexidina (CHX) al 0,12% (PERIOAID Intensive Care). Se recolectaron muestras de saliva antes del uso de placebo o enjuague bucal y después de 15 minutos y 1 y 2 horas de cualquiera de los tratamientos anteriores. También se tomó una muestra de saliva cinco días después del uso regular de placebo o enjuague bucal dos veces al día. El virus fue detectado por qRT-PCR. Resultados:Se demostró una gran heterogeneidad en los valores de carga viral al inicio del estudio en grupos ambos para muestras de nasofaringe y saliva. La mayoría de los pacientes que usaron el enjuague bucal (8/12) tuvieron una disminución significativa en la carga viral inicial después de 15 minutos (reducción superior al 99 %). Este efecto inhibidor se mantuvo hasta dos horas en 10 de los 12 pacientes. A los cinco días, se detectó ARN del SARS-CoV-2 en solo 1 paciente del grupo de enjuague bucal y en 5 del grupo de placebo. Conclusiones:Este señala que un enjuague bucal CPC puedereducir la carga viral en saliva de pacientes COVID positivos. Este hallazgo puede ser importante en el control de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, la relevancia clínica de la reducción del enjuague bucal con CPC en la excreción de SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva requiere más estudios.

Neuropsychological effects and cognitive deficits associated with exposure to mercury and arsenic in children and adolescents of the Mojana region, Colombia.

The present study aims to explore the neuropsychological performance and exposure to mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) in Colombian children and adolescents considering biomarkers in hair and blood. The total sample consisted of 70 participants from the Mojana region, Colombia. A neuropsychological evaluation protocol was used, consisting of 11 internationally recognized tests, with evidence of national validation and use for measurement in neurotoxicology contexts. A 57.1% of the sample presented levels above the reference value according to the USEPA, the WHO, and the ATSDR for total mercury in hair (HgH), blood mercury (HgB), and/or blood arsenic (AsB). The mean values reported for HgH were 1.76 ± 3.1 µg/g (95% CI 1.02-2.50) with ranges between 0.23 and 17.20; for HgB: 4.11 ± 5.93 µg/l (CI 2.69-5.52), ranging between 0.25 and 25.80, and for AsB: 1.96 ± 2.73 (CI 1.31-2.61) ranging between 0.50 and 15.50. In the comparison of groups in relation to the level of exposure, a significant difference was found (p < 0.05) for the subtest The Boston Naming Test (BNT). Correlation analyses found, on the one hand, significant negative relationships in tests integrated within the verbal (CVB) and executive function (EF) components as well as evidence of positive relationships in the manifestation of errors in their performance with the levels of Hg and/or As transformed by biomarker (Log10). In the linear regression analyses it was found that for each increase in the concentration of HgH, HgB, and AsB it is estimated that, both for the models with and without data adjustment, there is a loss of scores in integrated measures within the CVB and EF for the transformed levels of HgH, HgB, and AsB; and an increase in the reported errors in their processing within these functions. According to these results, exposure to mercury and/or arsenic is related with performance in verbal neuropsychological skills and executive functioning.

Estimación de la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con lesiones potencialmente malignas gástricas del municipio de Pasto-Nariño, 2016-2019 / Estimation of the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with potentially malignant stomach lesions of the city of Pasto- Nariño, 2016-2019

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en lesiones potencialmente malignas gástricas de pacientes de la ciudad de Pasto, Nariño. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo con análisis secundario de información sociodemográfica e histopatológica obtenida de reportes de patología para biopsias gástricas de pacientes del departamento de Nariño, Colombia del año 2016-2019. Resultados: Los pacientes de la ciudad de Pasto (n=359) presentaron una frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori de 35.6%, siendo significativamente mayor en hombres que en mujeres (p=0.037). La edad promedio de los hombres positivos para Helicobacter pylori fue de 44 años y de las mujeres de 47 años (p<0.001). La edad promedio de los casos de gastritis crónica atrófica en hombres y mujeres fue de 49 y 54 años respectivamente (p<0.001) y de metaplasia intestinal fue de 59 años en hombres y 61 años en mujeres (p<0.001). Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, la detección de Helicobacter pylori fue mayor en el grupo de hombres en comparación al de las mujeres (43.2% vs 31.6% respectivamente). La frecuencia de gastritis crónica atrófica y metaplasia intestinal en hombres fue de 37.9% y 23.1% respectivamente; mientras que en mujeres fue de 35.2% y 15.1% respectivamente.

Abstract Aim: To estimate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in potentially malignant stomach lesions in patients of the city of Pasto- Nariño. Materials and methods: Retrospective study with secondary analysis of sociodemographic and histopathological information derived from pathology reports for gastric biopsies of patients from the department of Nariño, Colombia from year 2016-2019. Results: Patients from the city of Pasto (n=359) presented a percentage of detection for Helicobacter pylori of 35.6% and the infection was significantly higher in men than in women (p=0.037). The average age of men positive for Helicobacter pylori was 44 years and women 47 years (p<0.001). The average age of the cases of chronic atrophic gastritis in men and women was 49 and 54 years respectively (p<0.001) and for intestinal metaplasia cases, the average age was 59 years in men and 61 years in women (p<0.001). Conclusions: In the present study, the detection of Helicobacter pylori was higher in the male group compared to the female group (43.2% vs 31.6% respectively). The frequency of atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in men was 37.9% and 23.1% respectively; in women was 35.2% and 15.1% respectively.

Cheese fortification through the incorporation of UFA-rich sources: A review of recent (2010-2020) evidence.

Cheese is a widely consumed dairy product with high saturated fatty acids (SFA) content, and with other high nutritional quality components. Due to the link of SFA and different diseases, many studies have replaced the cheese fat content with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) rich sources to improve its nutritional quality. The fat replacement has physicochemical, textural, and sensory effects on dairy matrix. To the food science is mandatory to know which technological strategies of milk processing improve the quality of the end products. The most relevant results reveal that fish oil (FO) and flaxseed oil (FSO) have been the most researched UFA-rich sources, microencapsulation has been the most studied incorporation technology because it allows the oil entrapment with minimal effects on the cheese quality, and non-thermal technologies allow greater UFA fortification in cheese, improving its nutritional quality. Finally, the development of fortified cheeses with UFA-rich sources has been found as an innovative strategy to obtain high quality products with functional potential.

Periocular sarcoid with bone invasion in a Thoroughbred mare.

A periocular nodular sarcoid was diagnosed on the right upper eyelid and medial canthus of a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare. Enucleation was performed and during the procedure the mass was noted to be firmly adhered to the underlying frontal bone. Partial ostectomy of the dorsal orbital rim was performed. Histopathology revealed invasion of the cortical lamellar bone and the bone marrow by neoplastic spindle cells and extension of these cells to multiple surgical margins. Recurrence at the level of the surgical site and its surroundings occurred 3 months after the procedure. The horse was euthanized 12 months later. Key clinical message: Invasion of the underlying bone occurs in some cases of equine periocular sarcoids. The case highlights how this bone invasion might affect the surgical planning and shows potential aggressiveness of this type of tumor.

Sarcoïde péri-oculaire avec invasion osseuse chez une jument Thoroughbred. Un sarcoïde nodulaire péri-oculaire fut diagnostiqué sur la paupière supérieure droite et le canthus médial d'une jument Thoroughbred âgée de 12 ans. L'énucléation fut effectuée et durant la procédure il fut noté que la masse était fermement adhérée à l'os frontal sous-jacent. Une ostectomie partielle de la bordure orbitale dorsale fut effectuée. L'examen histopathologique révéla l'invasion de l'os lamellaire cortical et de la moelle osseuse par des cellules fusiformes néoplasiques et l'extension de ces cellules à de multiples bordures chirurgicales. Une récurrence au site chirurgical et son entourage s'est produit 3 mois après la procédure. Le cheval fut euthanasié 12 mois plus tard.Message clinique clé:Ce cas démontre que l'invasion de l'os sous-jacent se produit dans certains cas de sarcoïdes péri-oculaires équins. Ce cas souligne comment cette invasion osseuse peut affecter la planification chirurgicale et montre le potentiel agressif de ce type de tumeur.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

The healthy aging phenotype in older people in Manizales / [Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales].

Introduction: The healthy aging phenotype is present in those individuals that age with low morbidity, no functional or cognitive deterioration, and retain an acceptable level of wellness and social participation. Objective: To establish the frequency of the healthy aging phenotype in older people in the community using a multidimensional, a biomedical, and a psychosocial model and to identify the predicting factors in each model. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We assessed individuals (n= 402; 50.1% female) aged 65 years or older (69.2 years average) from the urban area of Manizales. The healthy aging phenotype included five domains: biomarkers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, and social and psychological wellbeing. We also analyzed sociodemographic- and health-related factors. Results: In the multidimensional model the prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was 15.5% while in the biomedical model it was 12.3% and in the psychosocial one it was 63.3%. Good self-perceived health was an independent predictor of healthy aging in all the models assessed. Having enough income was a predictor in the biomedical and psychosocial models while being married was the only significant predictor in the psychosocial model. Conclusions: The prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was low in the biological and multidimensional models (1 of every 10 individuals) and higher in the psychosocial one (6 of every 10 persons). However, independent predictor factors were the same in all models: Self-perceived good or very good health, having enough income and being married.

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social. Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial. Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.

Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales / The healthy aging phenotype in older people in Manizales

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social. Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial. Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.

Introduction: The healthy aging phenotype is present in those individuals that age with low morbidity, no functional or cognitive deterioration, and retain an acceptable level of wellness and social participation. Objective: To establish the frequency of the healthy aging phenotype in older people in the community using a multidimensional, a biomedical, and a psychosocial model and to identify the predicting factors in each model. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We assessed individuals (n= 402; 50.1% female) aged 65 years or older (69.2 years average) from the urban area of Manizales. The healthy aging phenotype included five domains: biomarkers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, and social and psychological wellbeing. We also analyzed sociodemographic- and health-related factors. Results: In the multidimensional model the prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was 15.5% while in the biomedical model it was 12.3% and in the psychosocial one it was 63.3%. Good self-perceived health was an independent predictor of healthy aging in all the models assessed. Having enough income was a predictor in the biomedical and psychosocial models while being married was the only significant predictor in the psychosocial model. Conclusions: The prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was low in the biological and multidimensional models (1 of every 10 individuals) and higher in the psychosocial one (6 of every 10 persons). However, independent predictor factors were the same in all models: Self-perceived good or very good health, having enough income and being married.

Is there a relationship between varicocele and testosterone levels?

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this work was to study the relationship between presence of varicocele and testosterone serum levels in adulthood. METHODS: A comparative, cross-sectional study of 387 men who consulted for erectile dysfunction. Age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes (DM), and presence of varicocele were related to testosterone levels through uni- and multi-variate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 248 cases (70.8%) had no varicocele, 46 (13.1%) had grade I varicocele, 36 (10.3%) grade II, and 20 (5.7%) grade III. The mean total testosterone levels were 4.77 ng/mL in the non-varicocele group and 4.34 ng/mL in the varicocele group (p = .91), while free testosterone levels were 69.81 and 73.24 pg/mL (p = .18), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, BMI> = 30 was related to low total testosterone levels (OR: 2.94, p < .001) and low free testosterone (OR: 2.01, p = .01), while advanced age associated with low levels of free testosterone (OR: 1.04, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We were not able to establish a relationship between the presence of varicocele and decreased serum testosterone levels. Other factors already described, such as obesity and age, were related to low levels of total and free testosterone.

Evaluación del conocimiento del cáncer oral y manejo odontológico del paciente oncológico en Cali, Colombia / Assessment of knowledge in oral cancer and dental care in cancer patients in Cali, Colombia

Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento sobre cáncer oral y manejo odontológico del pacien-te oncológico en estudiantes de pregrado, de último año de medicina y odontología, y en odontólogos egresados de diferentes universidades en Cali, Colombia. Métodos:se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo de corte transversal. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue una encuesta de 19 preguntas. La muestra incluyó 360 participantes y se realizó un análisis multivariado con pruebas no paramétricas, cuyo grado de confiabilidad es del 95%. Resultados: las categorías evaluadas fueron: I) conocimiento del cáncer oral y II) manejo del paciente oncológico. Según la rúbrica empleada, el nivel alcanzado fue "regular" en ambas categorías, con un promedio de 8,7/19 para estudiantes de odontología; 11,2/19 para estudiantes de medicina y 11,3/19 para odontólogos egresados. La media general fue 10,3 respuestas acertadas (a=0,05). Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas al evaluar las tres facultades de odon-tología en ambas categorías y la rúbrica reflejó un desempeño "regular" aún para la universidad con el mejor promedio. Conclusión: según la rúbrica planteada, el nivel de conocimiento sobre cáncer oral y su manejo odontológico en la población evaluada, en Cali, es insuficiente, por lo que se sugiere un replanteamiento de estrategias en el abordaje académico de estos temas.

Objective: To assess the knowledge of oral cancer and oral care, in undergraduate students of last year of medicine and dentistry and dentists graduated from different universities in Cali, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted. The data collection tool was a 19-question survey. The sample included 360 participants, and a multivariate analysis was performed with nonparametric tests with a 95% degree of reliability. Results: The categories evaluated were I) oral cancer knowledge and II) dental care. According to the rubric used, the level achieved was "regular" in both categories, with an average of 8.7/19 for dental students; 11.2/19 for medicine students and 11.3/19 for graduate dentists. The overall average was 10.3 successful responses (a=0.05). There were statistically significant differences in evaluating the three dental faculties in both categories and the rubric reflects a "regular" performance even for the university with the best average. Conclusions: The level of knowledge in oral cancer and dental care of cancer patients in Cali, Colombia, is insufficient in the assessed population and approach of new strategies to address these issues from an academic perspective is required.

Estrategias de educación en un programa de formación en cirugía pediátrica, como respuesta a la pandemia por COVID-19 / Education strategies in a pediatric surgery training program in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha ocasionado cambios de todo orden en el mundo. Las medidas de emergencia han impactado de manera negativa la oportunidad en la prestación de los servicios de salud y los procesos de educación médica. Los educadores se han visto obligados a innovar y apoyarse mucho más en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, con el fin de lograr los objetivos de formación. Objetivo. Describir la implementación de estrategias de enseñanza para hacer frente a los retos que impone la pandemia por COVID-19 en un programa de formación en cirugía pediátrica. Métodos. Revisión de los registros y la asistencia a las actividades académicas programadas antes y después de la llegada del coronavirus a Colombia. Resultados. Como respuesta a la contingencia, y con el apoyo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, se incrementó el número de actividades académicas en un 100 %, se logró duplicar la asistencia a las mismas y la participación de expertos nacionales e internacionales. Conclusión. La nueva normalidad impuesta por la pandemia por COVID-19 exige a los educadores en salud desarrollar estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje innovadoras las cuales, con la integración de las tecnologías disponibles, permiten enfrentar las dificultades y cumplir con los objetivos de formación en salud

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes of all kinds in the world. The emergency measures have negatively affected the opportunity in the provision of health services and the medical education processes. Educators have been forced to innovate and have supported much more on information and communication technologies, in order to achieve the training objectives. Objective. To describe the implementation of teaching strategies to face the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in a pediatric surgery training program. Methods. Review of records and attendance at scheduled academic activities before and after the arrival of the coronavirus in Colombia. Results. In response to the contingency, and with the support of information and communication technologies, the number of academic activities was increased by 100%, attendance at them was doubled and the participation of national and international experts. Conclusion. The new normal imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic requires health educators to develop inno-vative teaching and learning strategies, which, with the integration of available technologies, make it possible to face difficulties and meet health-training objectives

Desempeño neurocognitivo de la atención, memoria y función ejecutiva en una población infanto-juvenil escolarizada con y sin presencia de sintomatología internalizante / Neurocognitive performance focuses on attention, memory and executive function in children and adolescents with or without internalizing symptoms

Resumen Objetivo: El presente artículo resultado de investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar el desempeño neurocognitivo de la atención, memoria y función ejecutiva en una muestra de 50 niños, niñas y adolescentes entre los 10 y 15 años con y sin presencia de sintomatología internalizante. Método: Paradigma positivista, con diseño cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo-comparativo y de corte transversal; para la medición de las variables se utilizaron tres instrumentos: 1. El SCARED para identificar los síntomas de ansiedad; 2. El CDI para los síntomas depresivos; y 3. La ENI para evaluar el desempeño neurocognitivo. Resultados: Se encontró que los niveles de atención, memoria y función ejecutiva fueron similares para los grupos con síntomas ansiosos, depresivos y sin síntomas. Los hallazgos obtenidos en la presente investigación se relacionan con los resultados de algunos estudios identificados entre los años 2003 y 2011. Conclusiones: Esta publicación puede constituirse en un referente importante para el desarrollo de futuros trabajos investigativos enfocados al estudio del desempeño neurocognitivo en poblaciones con y sin presencia de síntomas internalizantes. Se hace necesario promover el número de investigaciones a nivel de la costa Caribe colombiana con el fin de establecer las posibles relaciones o comparaciones entre las variables neurocognitivas y emocionales, así como también, contribuir a la discusión teórica alrededor de la temática de estudio.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to characterize the neurocognitive performance focuses on attention, memory and executive function; 50 children and adolescents between 10 and 15 years old with and without internalizing symptoms prevalence, were sampled. Method: Positivist paradigm, quantitative design of descriptive-comparative, and cross-sectional study was conducted; for variables measurement, three instruments were used: 1. The SCARED to identify the anxiety symptoms; 2. The CDI for depressive symptoms; 3. The ENI to evaluate neuro-cognitive performance. Results: This research shows as a result that the levels of attention, memory and executive function were similar for groups with anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, or without symptoms. Findings of this research show relationship between the results for 2003 and 2011. Conclusions: This paper might be an important reference for neurocognitive performance development related to populations with or without internalizing symptoms in the future. It is necessary to promote the number of researches at Colombian Caribbean coast in order to establish possible relationship or differences between neurocognitive and emotional variables, as well as contributing for a theoretical discussion corresponding to the topic of this study.

Estado de salud mental de personas víctimas del conflicto armado en Chengue / Mental health in victims of armed conflict in Chengue

Resumen Para esta investigación se trabajó con víctimas del conflicto armado de dos poblaciones de los Montes de María: Corregimiento de Chengue, en el Municipio de Ovejas y Corregimiento de Libertad, en el Municipio de San Onofre. Cada una de estas poblaciones vivieron historias de victimización diferentes. La primera tuvo que desplazarse debido a un hecho violento que precipitó el desplazamiento y la segunda, convivió con miembros de las autodefensas por un largo período de tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los trastornos de ansiedad y del estado de ánimo en personas oriundas del corregimiento de Chengue y del corregimiento de Libertad, que vivieron en estas poblaciones durante la época de ocurrencia de los hechos victimizantes. Para ello, se aplicó una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada de breve duración, que explora los principales trastornos psiquiátricos del Eje I del DSM-IV. Participaron 129 personas adultas de Ovejas y de Libertad. Entre los resultados se encontró que la población de Libertad aún a pesar de convivir con los paramilitares en condiciones de estrés constante, presentó menos prevalencia de trastornos emocionales en comparación con la población de Chengue. En este trabajo se abordan posibles razones para explicar este fenómeno.

Abstract This research worked with victims of the armed conflict from two populations living in Montes de Maria area: Chengue (in the municipality of Ovejas) and Libertad (in the municipality of San Onofre). Each of these population lived different victimization stories. The first one had to move because of the experience of a violent event which precipitated the displacement; the second one had to live with an illegal armed group for a long period of time. The aim of the present study is to identify anxiety and mood disorders in native people which were born in Chengue and Libertad. In order to do this, a structured diagnostic interview was applied; this explores the major Axis I in DSM IV. A total of 129 individuals from Chengue and Libertad participated in the study. Results indicated that population of Libertad even though they lived with the armed group "guerrilla" in constant stressful conditions, showed less presence of emotional disorders in comparison with the population of Chengue. In this work possible reasons for explain this phenomenon are discussed.

Surgimiento de los micro-RNA como biomarcadores potenciales en diversas enfermedades / Emergence of micro-RNAs as potential biomarkers in different diseases / Surgimento dos micro-RNA como bio-marcadores potenciais em diversas doenças

El objetivo de esta revisión es evidenciar el potencial de los micro-RNA (mi-RNA) como biomarcadores en diferentes enfermedades. Los mi-RNA son ácidos nucleicos de ≈ 22 nucleótidos que regulan la traducción de RNA mensajeros (mRNA) codificantes y producen una regulación postranscripcional de la expresión génica. La mayoría de ellos son altamente conservados y tienen una distribución tisular específica, de manera que juegan un papel importante como reguladores de la función celular y la fisiopatología de los diferentes órganos del cuerpo humano. Los mi-RNA surgen como candidatos para ser biomarcadores debido a que se han encontrado cambios en su expresión en diversas enfermedades (cáncer, daño hepático y cardiopatías), con alteración de sus niveles en plasma suero, orina y saliva. Sin embargo, aunque algunos presentan consistencia en su perfil de expresión, otros han sido reportados como posibles candidatos para más de una enfermedad, lo que limita su especificidad y su utilidad diagnóstica. Es pertinente hacer nuevos estudios que ahonden sobre su significado en procesos patológicos y sobre su papel como posibles biomarcadores.

The objective of this review is to evidence the potential of micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs) as possible diagnostic biomarkers in different diseases. Micro-RNAs are nucleic acids of 22 nucleotides that regulate the translation of coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and produce a post-transcriptional regulation of genetic expression. Most mi-RNAs are highly conserved and show a tissue-specific distribution; therefore, they play an important role in the regulation of cell function and the physiopathology of different organs. Micro-RNAs emerge as potential candidates for biomarkers due to the changes in their levels of expression in different situations (cancer, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases) and in fluids such as plasma, serum, urine and saliva. However, although some mi-RNAs have a consistent expression profile, others have been reported as possible biomarkers for more than one disease, thus limiting their specificity and usefulness as diagnostic tools. Further studies are important to define the significance of mi-RNAs in pathologic processes and their role as possible biomarkers.

O objetivo desta revisão é evidenciar o potencial dos micro-RNA (mi-RNA) como bio-marcadores em diferentes doenças. Os mi-RNA são ácidos nucleicos de ≈ 22 nucleótidos que regulam a tradução de RNA mensageiros (mRNA) codificantes e produzem uma regulação pós-transcripcional da expressão génica. A maioria desses são altamente conservados e tem uma distribuição tissular específica, de maneira que jogam um papel importante como reguladores da função celular e a fisiopatologia dos diferentes órgãos do corpo humano. Os mi-RNA surgem como candidatos para ser bio-marcadores devido a que se hão encontrado câmbios em sua expressão em diversas doenças (câncer, dano hepático e cardiopatias), com alteração de seus níveis em plasma, soro, urina e saliva. Embora, ainda alguns apresentam consistência em seu perfil de expressão, outros hão sido reportados como possíveis candidatos para mais de uma doença, o que limita sua especificidade e sua utilidade diagnóstica. É pertinente fazer novos estudos que abondem sobre seu significado em processos patológicos e sobre seu papel como possível bio-marcadores.

[Paratesticular sarcoma: An infrequent genitourinary tumor]. / Un tumor genitourinario infrecuente: sarcomas paratesticulares.

OBJECTIVE: To expose the features related to the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of paratesticular sarcomas, through the presentation of three cases with different histologies. METHODS: Description of the clinical cases, surgical management, and pathological results of the surgical specimens. RESULTS: We present three cases of paratesticular sarcomas, one case being a rhabdomyosarcoma and two liposarcomas. Two patients underwent a single successful surgery, while the third one required a second intervention after recurrence. Today all three patients are free of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant paratesticular sarcomas are infrequent neoplasias in urology. It is essential that the urologist is aware of this possibility when faced with a paratesticular tumor, since radicalness of surgery will be the most decisive factor in the success of the treatment. Adjuvant therapies must be individualized in each case, and the follow-up after surgery should be close, given the poor evolution of these tumors in many cases.