RESUMO
Determining the extent of overlap between modern humans and other hominins in Eurasia, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, is fundamental to understanding the nature of their interactions and what led to the disappearance of archaic hominins. Apart from a possible sporadic pulse recorded in Greece during the Middle Pleistocene, the first settlements of modern humans in Europe have been constrained to ~45,000 to 43,000 years ago. Here, we report hominin fossils from Grotte Mandrin in France that reveal the earliest known presence of modern humans in Europe between 56,800 and 51,700 years ago. This early modern human incursion in the Rhône Valley is associated with technologies unknown in any industry of that age outside Africa or the Levant. Mandrin documents the first alternating occupation of Neanderthals and modern humans, with a modern human fossil and associated Neronian lithic industry found stratigraphically between layers containing Neanderthal remains associated with Mousterian industries.
RESUMO
Regulatory potency test for rabies vaccines requires mice vaccination followed by challenge with a live virus via intracerebral route. An alternative in vitro test, consistent with the "3R's" (Reduce, Replace, Refine) was designed to quantify active glycoprotein G using seroneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. This versatile ELISA targets well conformed neutralizing epitopes. Therefore, it quantifies only the trimeric pre-fusion form of glycoprotein G known to elicits the production of viral neutralizing antibodies. The ELISA makes it possible to quantify the rabies antigen during all steps of the product cycle (i.e. viral cultivation, downstream process, formulation and product stability in the presence of aluminum gel or other vaccine valence). Moreover, the batch-to-batch consistency of our active ingredients and formulated products could be demonstrated.
