Ion chromatographic determination of sulfide and cyanide in real matrices by using pulsed amperometric detection on a silver electrode.

The determination of free sulfide and cyanide by pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) at a silver-working electrode was improved through a deep de-oxygenation (at least 10 min) of both standard and real solutions containing the two analytes and adopting a two-potential waveform able to eliminate Ag working electrode fouling. The waveform stepped around the oxidation of Ag in the presence of 0.1-0.4 M hydroxyl ion, from -0.1 to 0.1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The eluent composition (0.4 M NaOH plus 7.5 mM oxalate solution) allowed a very good column efficiency and selectivity. The presence of a polysulfide species was hypothesized in sulfide solutions that had not been de-oxygenated and aged. The polysulfide eluted just before sulfide and was confirmed by a chemical test with SO3(2-) producing the elimination of the polysulfide peak. Detection limits, according to the Hubaux-Vos method, were 1.0 and 2.0 microg/l for S2- and CN , respectively. We demonstrated good performance of the optimized method by repeatedly injecting standard solutions and by analyzing different real matrices. The method exhibited very good accuracy and repeatability (10 microg/l and a 500 microl injection loop, had a repeatability better than 3% for sulfide and 100 microg/l had a repeatability better than 1% for cyanide). The two-potential waveform ensured long-term stability of the electrode surface that required no manual polishing procedure for at least 1 month (20 analysis per day).

Ion chromatography applications in the determination of HF, HCl, NOx, SOx on stationary emissions.

In this work, specific topics will be covered in order to verify an effective, routine application of ion chromatography as a suitable and approved technique for emission monitoring in the determination of HF, HCl, NOx and SOx on stationary emission. A review of the analytical methods as proposed by recent updates in Italian environmental law and the problems encountered in the application of this method, such us the interference due to high level of carbonate, high hydroxides concentration particularly on SOx and NOx absorbing solution, are considered in the present work. The sample treatments before the IC analysis, this to reduce the matrix interference due to the strong basic solutions used to monitor different stationary emissions, are also examined. Some modifications in sampling are explored to find more suitable conditions for the IC analysis.