[Microbiological monitoring of suppurative-septic hospital infections in newborn infants and puerperae]. / Mikrobiologicheskii monitoring za vnutribol'nichnymi gnoino-septicheskimi infektsiiami u novorozhdennykh i rodil'nits.

The microbiological monitoring of obstetric institutions revealed essential changes in the microbiological structure of hospital purulent septic infections in newborns and parturient women during the period of 1987-1992. An increase in the role of gram-negative microflora, mainly the representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae, was registered. The specific proportion of gram-negative microorganisms in the etiology of hospital infections increased from 43.7% to 95.1% in newborn infants and from 33.3% to 61.3% in parturient women, which differently affected on the structure of the main nosological forms of these diseases.

[The epidemiological markers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains circulating in different types of hospitals]. / Epidemiologicheskie markery shtammov Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tsirkuliruiushchikh v statsionarakh raznogo profilia.

Pyocinovar and serovar characteristics of 91 P.aeruginosa strains isolated from patients and the environment in a hospital for premature children, a child survey hospital and a neonatological hospital. The leading epidemiological markers of P.aeruginosa strains, among them pyocinovar 883722, serovar 6 (a hospital for premature children), pyocinovar 888888, serovar 4 (a child surgery hospital), pyocinovars 888888 and 861322 (a neonatological hospital).

[The epidemiological surveillance of hospital infections linked to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. / Epidemiologicheskii nadzor za vnutribol'nichnymi infektsiiami, sviazannymi s metitsillinrezistentnymi Staphylococcus aureus.

As revealed in the realization of the epidemiological surveillance of hospital infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in different types of hospital, MRSA strains causing purulent inflammatory diseases belong to different clones. The complex marking of MRSA made it possible to determine the presence of the same clone in different hospitals and to detect the outbreaks of hospital infections caused by different clones of MRSA in one hospital. It was found necessary to supplement the commercial international phage-typing set with pages permitting the detection of the specific system of restriction-modification in MRSA.

[Use of unified methods in microbiologic monitoring of penicillin resistance in Pneumococcus]. / Primenenie unifitsirovannykh metodov pri mikrobiologicheskom monitoringe penitsillinorezistentnosti pnevmokokkov.

The microbiological surveillance of pneumococci according to the Protocols for the International Surveillance of Pneumococci Resistant to Penicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents developed by Prof. M. Jacobs (USA) and Prof. P. Appelbaum (USA) made it possible for the first time in Russia to detect the strains with moderate resistance to penicillin. It is necessary to revise the current Russian recommendations for the laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal infection and the determination of antibiotic susceptibility so as to participate in the united programme of the International Surveillance of Penicillin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[Drug resistance of hospital strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and their role in the rise of intrahospital infections]. / Lekarstvennaia ustoichivost' gospital'nykh shtammov Klebsiella pneumoniae i ikh rol' v vozniknovenii vnutribol'nichnykh infektsii.

Microbiological monitoring of intrahospital infections in obstetric and surgical institutions revealed the role of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the etiology of purulent septic diseases in various groups of the patients. The level and spectra of resistance in the pathogens were fixed with respect to 17 drugs. It was shown that the clinical polyresistant strains of K. pneumoniae including those resistant to at least 5 antibiotics were more frequent in the patients of the surgical departments than in the newborns and puerpera. The isolates of K. pneumoniae responsible for the intrahospital complications in the surgical patients as compared to those in the newborns and puerpera were mainly resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin and tobramycin.

[Additional differentiation of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus typed by the international phage bank]. / Dopolnitel'naia differentsiatsiia metitsillinorezistentnykh shtammov Staphylococcus aureus, tipiruemykh fagama mezhdunarodnogo nabora.

In the methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) typed by the International Set phages the host specificity of the restriction-modification of the phage 85 DNA was determined, the finger printing of the cell DNA was carried out with using two probes and the lytic spectrum of the phages induced in them was studied. Four clones with different specificity of the restriction-modification system (rm89, rm108, rm121 and rm947) differing from that of strain PS 85 which is the host of phage 85 were detected. The strains belonging to the modification types m89, m108 and m121 contained prophages (within the respective groups) with similar lytic spectra when tested with the use of the PS strains of the International Collection and had cross antiphage immunity. Six phage variants were detected among the phages induced in the strains with the modification type m947 which could be indicative of the clone heterogeneity.

[Experimental substantiation of population heterogeneity in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie geterogennosti populiatsii metitsillinrezistentnykh Staphylococcus aureus.

A comprehensive intraspecies typing of the cultures of MRSA collected during inspection of drug resistance in causative agents of intrahospital infections was performed. The following parameters were investigated: antibiotic resistance, toxin production, sensitivity to the phages of the International Set and the phages of an experimental collection providing the isolation of strains with definite specificity of the restriction-modification system. Different clones of methicillin resistant S. aureus were found to be circulating on the territory of the CIS.

[A new collection of phages for typing methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. / Novaia kollektsiia fagov dlia tipirovaniia metitsillino-rezistentnykh Staphylococcus aureus.

A new collection of phages for typing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is proposed. The collection includes phage 85 (modified by the MRSA strain), capable of selecting strains with the similar specificity of the restriction-modification system, and 9 MRSA-induced phages. The latter differentiate MRSA strains according to the specificity of prophages present in bacterial cells. The use of this phage collection has permitted the typing of MRSA strains insensitive to the phages of the international collection. Among these cultures an epidemic strain has been detected and the source of its spread in the burn center has been established.

[The production of toxic shock syndrome toxins and enterotoxins by Staphylococcus aureus]. / Produktsiia toksinov sindroma toksicheskogo shoka i énterotoksinov Staphlyococcus aureus.

The production of toxins of the toxic shock syndrome and enterotoxins by S. aureus of clinical origin was studied by means of commercial standard antisera and standard toxins. The study revealed that among 511 strains isolated in Russia toxigenic ones constituted 41%, and among 592 strains isolated in Czechia toxigenic ones constituted 63%. The capacity for producing toxins may be used as an epidemiological marker.

[The computer system of monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenetic bacteria causing suppurative-septic diseases]. / Sistema nadzora za antibiotikochuvstvitel'nost'iu vozbuditelei gnoino-septicheskikh zabolevanii s ispol'zovaniem EVM.

A system for surveillance of drug resistance of etiologically important microorganisms in obstetric units and burn and sepsis centres was developed. Realization of the system with various methods is possible in case of permanent control and comparison of the results. The overwhelming majority (up to 90 per cent) of the etiologically important microorganisms were multiresistant. An information bank was filed. It could be used as a basis for developing principles of strategy and tactics in rational antibiotic therapy.

Laboratory criteria in the diagnostics of intestinal infections of staphylococcal etiology in children.

Faecal samples were investigated from 948 children hospitalized with the diagnose of acute intestinal infection. The authors studied the isolation and properties of a broad spectrum of microorganisms from children's faeces: Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, S. aureus, rotaviruses, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus. As a result, laboratory criteria were formulated of diagnosing in children intestinal infection of staphylococcal etiology.

Drug resistance and pathogenicity of S. aureus isolated from patients.

Over the period 1983-1985, investigators from the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague, and the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, USSR Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, carried out a joint study of drug resistance in S. aureus strains in relation to their enterotoxigenic properties and phage group specificity. Altogether 277 strains were explored which had been isolated at random from the clinical material from infant and adult inpatients. Most of the isolated strains featured multiple resistance to antibiotics: PNC (77.9%), CMP (52.7%), TET (21.6%), ERY (17.6%) and LIN (11.9%). The strains isolated from infants were most frequently resistant to TET and ERY. No correlation was found between the incidence of antimicrobial drugs resistance and toxigenic properties of the isolated strains.

[Characteristics of several epidemiologic features of suppurative-septic diseases of staphylococcal etiology in obstetric institutions]. / Kharakteristika nekotorykh épidemiologicheskikh osobennostei gnoino-septicheskikh zabolevanii stafilokokkovoi étiologii v rodovspomogatel'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh.

The authors studied the frequency of the purulent-septic diseases in puerperants and neonates and the percentage among them of affections of staphylococcus etiology, their seasonal incidence and nidality. The phage-type reference of the strains of staphylococci circulating at the maternity home, and their connection with the staphylococcus carrier state among the personnel and the extent of spread of the purulent-septic diseases was determined. There was revealed an interrelationship between the incidence of recording of the purulent-septic diseases at the maternity home and the level of staphylococcus carrier state among the medical personnel. The sum total positive culture percentage in serous mastitis, endometritis and in case of suture disjunction due to purulent complications was 63.5, and in case of purulent-septic diseases of neonates -- 55--65. Strains belonging to the "epidemic" phage types are widespread at the maternity homes.

[Role of various diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the epidemiological process of streptococcal infections]. / Znachenie nekotorykh zabolevanii verkhnikh dykhatel'nykh putei v epidemicheskom protsesse pri streptokokkovykh infektsiiakh.

Investigations conducted with the use of a specially elaborated method revealed a specific association of some (15--24%) of diseases diagnosed clinically as "acute respiratory affection" (ARA) with streptococcus infection. This was also confirmed by detection of an epidemiological association of ARA with scarlet fever revealed in some child collective bodies. The data obtained pointed to the definite role played by such diseases in the epidemic process in streptococcus infections.

[Characteristics of beta-hemolytic streptococci secreted in children in various climatic zones]. / Kharakteristika beta-gemoliticheskikh streptokokkov, vydelennykh u detei v razlichnykh klimaticheskikh zonakh

A study was made of the level of carrier-state, serological characteristics, virulence and toxigenicity of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from children in two towns with a different incidence of scarlet fever located in the contrast climatic zones. It was found that the level of carrier-state of beta-hemolytic streptococci and biological properties of the circulating strains were important factors associated with the incidence of scarlet fever.