The effects of acculturative stress on incarcerated Alaska Native and non-Native men.

The relationship of acculturative status, acculturative stress, and interpersonal violence was examined in a study consisting of 73 incarcerated Alaska Native and non-Native men. The instruments used were the Acculturation Scale, Padilla SAFE Acculturative Stress Measure, Conflict Tactics Scale, Rorschach test, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Results found few inmates in the marginal group and no relationship between acculturative status and acculturative stress. Native inmates had significantly higher levels of acculturative stress than non-Native inmates, and other measures of stress did not discriminate between these two groups. Only non-Native inmates had higher levels of interpersonal violence related to acculturative stress, but their experience of acculturative stress was compounded by perceived, chronic, and situational stress. Apparently, non-Native inmates' feelings of acculturative stress are actually a sense of being discriminated against unrelated to their ethnicity. Bicultural inmates had significantly higher levels of violence than assimilated inmates did. For these inmates, acculturative stress is not the link between cultural conflict and interpersonal violence, but attempting to be a part of both cultures may be. The problem for these inmates seems to be in adapting to their cultural orientation, not in the orientation itself. While in prison, many native men seem to cope by renewing their cultural and spiritual practices, which may be providing them with a cultural identity they did not possess before incarceration. Acculturative status may need to be viewed as a continuum and a conscious choice. Implications for treatment and further research are discussed.

Personality styles and dynamics of Alaska Native and nonnative incarcerated men.

The Rorschach and Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) were used to examine personality styles and dynamics of 73 incarcerated Alaska Native and nonnative men. There were clear differences between native and nonnative inmates on both the MCMI-II and the Rorschach. Also, when the participants were separated into bicultural, assimilated, and traditional groups, the bicultural group had the most difficulties in coping and in interpersonal relationships. The results of this study suggest that the profile for offenders is not the same for Alaska natives and nonnatives. Culture and cultural styles may contribute to create a significantly different type of "criminal personality" seen in forensic settings.

Duration of the persistent activity of moxidectin against Haemonchus contortus in sheep.

Weaned lambs were infected with Haemonchus contortus 35, 28, 21, 14 and 7 days after treatment with moxidectin at 0.2 mg/kg and 35 and 14 days after treatment with ivermectin at the same dose rate. Worm counts 14 days after infection showed that moxidectin prevented the establishment of over 99% of infective larvae for 28 days and reduced the establishment rate at 35 days by 96%, relative to ivermectin. There was no difference in the protective efficacy of ivermectin at 14 or 35 days. The persistence of moxidectin is likely to provide advantages in nematode control, particularly when used as a strategic early summer treatment or as a pre-lambing treatment to ewes. Implications of the persistent activity of moxidectin for the development of resistance during the decay phase are discussed.