Solid waste, a lever for decarbonization.

Reducing methane emissions from solid waste is already technically possible.

Gender and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel.

Leishmaniasis is estimated to be more common in males than in females. Our purpose was to evaluate differences in preponderance in relation to sex and gender across cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel. An observational study was performed, including cases of endemic CL (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in Israel, and imported MCL (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis). CL is a notifiable disease and is supposed to be reported to the Ministry of Health (MOH). The MOH database shows that males as more likely to be infected by leishmania, with an incidence of 5/100,000 in males vs. 3.5/100,000 in females. However, while conducting a demographic house-to-house survey in several locations in Israel where CL is highly endemic, among 608 people who were screened only 49% were males in Leishmania major (L. major) endemic regions and 41% were males in Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) endemic regions, while among 165 cases of imported New-World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israeli travelers freturning from abroad, 142 (86%) were males. It may be postulated that there is no real gender difference in leishmanial infection, but, perhaps, infections are more commonly seen in men because of referral/reported bias, due to more risk-taking behaviors by men or, perhaps, men are less likely to strictly adhere to recommended preventive measures and thus increase their risk of contracting the disease.

Molecular typing of Cryptosporidium in Israel.

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite associated with gastrointestinal illness. In immune-compromised individuals, the infection may become life-threatening. Cryptosporidiosis is a mandatory-reported disease but little was known about its prevalence and associated morbidity in Israel. Currently, laboratory diagnosis is based on microscopy or copro-antigen tests and the disease is underreported. Molecular assays, which are more sensitive and specific, are now increasingly used for identification and screening. Here, the molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is explored for the first time. Samples from 33 patients infected during an outbreak of 146 laboratory confirmed cases that occurred in Haifa and Western Galilee in 2015 were genotyped, as well as samples from 36 patients sporadically infected during 2014-2018 in different regions. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium subtypes found in Israel are more similar to those reported in the neighboring countries Jordan and Egypt than in European countries. C. hominis was the predominant species in the center and the north of Israel, implicating human-to-human transmission. C. hominis IeA11G3T3 was the most prevalent subtype contributing to morbidity.

Vaccination uptake and income inequalities within a mass vaccination campaign.

BACKGROUND: In July 2013, Israel was swept with fear of a polio outbreak. In response to the importation of wild polio virus, the Ministry decided to take preventive action by administering oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to all children born after 1 January 2004 who had received at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the past. This study analyzes the vaccination uptake rates resulting from the mass polio vaccination campaign on the basis of health inequality parameters of socioeconomic status (SES), principles of solidarity, and the Gini inequality index. The research explores understanding the value of the Gini inequality index within the context of SES and solidarity. METHODS: The study is based on data gathered from the Israeli Ministry of Health's administrative records from mother-and-child clinics across Israel. The research population is comprised of resident infants and children whom the Ministry of Health defined as eligible for the OPV between August and December 2013 (the "campaign period"). The analysis was carried out at the municipality level as well as the statistical area level. RESULTS: The higher the SES level of the municipality where the mother-and-child clinic is located, the lower the OPV vaccination uptake is. The greater the income inequality is in the municipality where the mother-and-child clinic is situated, the lower the vaccination uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Public health professionals promoting vaccine programs need to make specially-designed efforts both in localities with high average income and in localities with a high level of income diversity/inequality. Such practice will better utilize funds, resources, and manpower dedicated to increasing vaccination uptake across varying populations and communities.

Epidemiologic and phylogenetic analysis of the 2018 West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak in Israel demonstrates human infection of WNV lineage I.

As at 12 November 2018, an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) was responsible for 139 WNV infection cases in Israel. Here, we characterise the epidemiology of the outbreak and demonstrate that only WNV lineage I was circulating in mosquitoes and responsible for WNV infection in humans. This suggests that the concurrence of the outbreak in Israel with WNV outbreaks in several European countries is not due to a common, more virulent WNV genotype.

Outbreak of West Nile Virus disease in Israel (2015): A retrospective analysis of notified cases.

BACKGROUND: West Nile Virus (WNV) is mosquito-borne virus that is endemic in Israel. In 2015, national disease surveillance demonstrated a sharp increase in disease cases, with 149 cases diagnosed. METHODS: Clinical data was extracted from the patients' medical files and laboratory analysis on blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine was carried out. Data on climate was extracted from the Israel Meteorological Service. RESULTS: Neuroinvasive disease was reported in 70% of cases and case-fatality rate was 16%. Simultaneously with the outbreak, an intense heat wave and an upsurge in summer temperatures occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical data shows substantial morbidity and mortality of WNV disease in Israel. Climatic measures are consistent with previous reports and point to the importance of temperature monitoring and rapid implementation of preventive environmental measures during the summer to reduce potential mosquito breeding sites. WNV disease should be suspected as a cause of fever or neurologic disease in travelers returning from endemic countries.

Parents' perceptions of childhood immunization in Israel: Information and concerns.

BACKGROUND: Immunization has a significant impact in protecting from severe diseases. Various factors that could influence child immunization coverage and parents' decisions about vaccinating their children should be further explored in specific population groups. OBJECTIVES: The current study has two main objectives: to assess the main information sources that affect parental decisions to vaccinate their children and to measure the extent to which these factors differ demographically by exploring the opinions and attitudes within four main population groups in Israel: ultra-Orthodox Jews, all other Jews, non-Bedouin Arabs, and Bedouins. METHODS: 1504 parents, with similar representation among four main population groups, participated in this study. A structured, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used. RESULTS: The most influential source on parents' decisions to vaccinate their children was the nurse at Mother and Child Health Clinics (MCHCs). Positive attitudes were shown regarding the key role of immunization in preventing severe diseases, while the most important concern expressed was the potential pain to the child while being vaccinated (rather than the safety of the vaccine). Higher compliance rates were reported among participants with a non-academic education level (χ2 = 12.21, p <0.001), an average level of income (χ2 = 26.66, p <0.001), and a greater level of religiosity (χ2 = 5.13, p <0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that higher reliance on Ministry of Health publications (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.49-3.35) and a belief that vaccinations prevent severe diseases (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.06-2.25) predicted higher vaccination compliance. A concern about unsafe components of the vaccinations predicted lower compliance (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.25-0.66). Bedouins demonstrated the highest compliance rate (99%), were most influenced by all information sources, and demonstrated the most pro-vaccination positions. CONCLUSIONS: The factor that most influenced Israeli parents' decisions to vaccinate their children was their degree of trust in information sources about vaccinations, particularly the nurses at the MCHCs.

Spatial distribution of West Nile virus in humans and mosquitoes in Israel, 2000-2014.

OBJECTIVES: Israel has a long history of West Nile virus (WNV) morbidity, and the rate of detection of WNV in mosquitoes has been high since 2000. The aim of this study was to integrate several WNV datasets in order to gain an insight into the geographical distribution of WNV in Israel. METHODS: Three choropleth maps were generated showing WNV human morbidity, WNV prevalence in mosquitoes, and the results of a nationwide serological survey, based on the division of Israel into 15 sub-districts. RESULTS: The maps show a high endemicity of WNV in Israel. In respect to the morbidity map, the population residing in the central part of the country and in Arava Region is at higher risk of developing the disease than the population of the rest of Israel. Interestingly, high prevalence rates of both WNV serology and WNV-infected mosquitoes were detected in Arava Region, but lower prevalence rates were detected in most areas of the coastal region, suggesting that other factors might also be important in the development of symptomatic WNV infections. CONCLUSIONS: These results underline the high prevalence of WNV in Israel and point to specific risk areas for WNV infections across the country.

Predictors for nonunion, reoperation and infection after surgical fixation of patellar fracture.

INTRODUCTION: The most common major complications following surgical fixation of patellar fractures are infection, nonunion and reoperation. In this study, we sought to define the predisposing factors to the development of these complications. METHODS: Open reduction and internal fixation surgeries for patellar fractures that were performed in a single institution between 2006 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' demographic data (age, gender, comorbidities), injury and fracture data (associated injuries, type of fracture, open or closed fracture), surgical data (type of surgery and interval between fracture occurrence and surgery) and major postoperative complications (infection, nonunion, symptomatic hardware and revision surgery) were collected from the medical records and verified by a telephone survey. Correlation analysis identified the major variables influencing the development of these complications. RESULTS: The cohort of 188 patients had an average follow-up of 908 days. Thirteen (6.9 %) patients developed infection, 3 (1.6 %) had fracture nonunion and 42 (22.3 %) required a second operation. A history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) correlated significantly with the development of infection (OR 6.18, CI 1.1-35.6, p = 0.041) and nonunion (OR 14.9, CI 1.2-188.1; p = 0.037). A history of diabetes significantly increased the risk of a second operation (OR 8.69, CI 95 % 1.8-41.9, p = 0.007). Open fracture did not increase the risk of any of these complications. CONCLUSIONS: A history of CVA and diabetes mellitus significantly increased the risk of complications following patellar fracture fixation. Patients with these comorbidities should be informed of their increased risk of these complications and be followed up more rigorously.

Resurgence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel, 2001-2012.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis has long been endemic in Israel. After a 15-year period of moderate illness rates, reported incidence increased from 0.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2001 to 4.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2012, and the disease emerged in areas where its presence had previously been minimal. We analyzed all cases reported to the national surveillance system and found that outbreak patterns revealed an expansion of Leishmania major infections over large areas in the southern part of the country and the occurrence of spatially focused L. tropica outbreaks in the northern part of the country. Outbreaks often followed new construction in populated areas. Further study of factors affecting the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis is needed in Israel, as well as the development of effective methods to control the disease, an increase in awareness among health care professionals, and intensive public education regarding control measures in areas of known leishmaniasis foci.

Understanding utilization of outpatient clinics for children with special health care needs in southern Israel.

To understand the pattern of utilization of ambulatory care by parents of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and to explore parental challenges in coping with health maintenance of their infants after discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). CSHCN require frequent utilization of outpatient ambulatory clinics especially in their first years of life. Multiple barriers are faced by families in disadvantaged populations which might affect adherence to medical referrals. Our study attempts to go beyond quantitative assessment of adherence rates, and capture the influence of parental agency as a critical factor ensuring optimal utilization of healthcare for CSHCN. A prospective, mixed-methods, cohort study followed 158 Jewish and Bedouin-Arab infants in the first year post discharge from NICU in southern Israel. Rates of utilization of ambulatory clinics were obtained from medical records, and quantitative assessment of factors affecting it was based on structured interviews with parents at baseline. Qualitative analysis was based on home visits or telephone in-depth interviews conducted about 1 year post-discharge, to obtain a rich, multilayered, experiential perspectives and explained perceptions by parents. Adherence to post-discharge referrals was generally good, but environmental, cultural, and financial obstacles to healthcare, magnified by communication barriers, forced parents with limited resources to make difficult choices affecting utilization of healthcare services. Improving concordance between primary caregivers and health care providers is crucial, and further development of supportive healthcare for CSHCN in concordance with parental limitations and preferences is needed.

[Effect of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the first two years of life on cognitive and mental development during childhood].

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among infants and children over the world ranges between 2%-22.5%. Iron is essential for intact development of the body, and especiaLLy for the development of the central nervous system in the first two years of Life. OBJECTIVES: To examine, through a review of the literature, if there is any relation between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and cognitive and mental development in the first two years of life. METHODS: A review of 10 longitudinal and clinical trials from the last 16 years, in which this correlation was examined. RESULTS: According to recent studies, the relation between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia to cognitive and mental development in childhood is stiLL unclear. Followup studies found poorer cognitive scores on measures of mental and cognitive functioning in the long run. Intervention trials in which iron supplementation was administered to infants with IDA, found an improvement in Language and mental deveLopmental test scores. However, micronutrient intervention, or zinc and iron combined or alone, did not improve performance on mental tests. The studies differed in the characteristics of the study population, definition of exposure, type of treatment and confounders. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to assess a causal relationship between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, and cognitive and mental development in childhood, mainly due to methodoLogical and ethical reasons. However, most studies from recent years support a negative association. The Ministry of Health in israel recommends iron as a preventive action for iron deficiency in infants.

Life prevalence of upper respiratory tract diseases and asthma among children residing in rural area near a regional industrial park: cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The study described was initiated by the Israel Ministry of Health as an effort to respond to and deal with public concern about possible health disorders related to odorous emissions (composed of a great many of organic and inorganic chemicals) from the regional industrial park (IP) in the Negev, southern Israel. Previous ecological studies found that adverse health effects in the Negev Bedouin population were associated with residential proximity to the IP. The objective of the current study was to investigate a hypothesis concerning the link between the IP proximity and life prevalence (LP) of upper respiratory tract chronic diseases (URTCD) and asthma in children aged 0-14 years living in rural Negev, Israel, in small agricultural communities. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in 7 localities simultaneously during 2002. The following indirect exposure indicators were used: (1) distance (less than 20 km/ more than 20 km) from the IP ('distance'); (2) presence (yes/no) of the dominant wind direction being from the IP toward a child's locality ('wind direction'); and (3) the child's mother having made odour complaints (yes/no) related to the IP ('odour complaints'). A 20 km cut-off point was used for 'distance' dichotomization as derived from the maximum range of 'odour complaints'. This gave 3 proximal and 4 distant localities, and division of these by the 'wind direction' gave one versus two localities. The study population consisted of 550 children born in the localities. Medical diagnoses were collected from local clinic records. The following were included in the interviewer-administered questionnaire for a child's parents: (1) demography (the child's birth date, gender, mother being married or not, parental origin and education, number of siblings); (2) the child's birth history (pregnancy and delivery) and breast-feeding duration; (3) the child's parental respiratory health; and (4) environmental factors (parental smoking and occupational hazardous exposure, domestic use of pesticides, domestic animals, outdoor odour related to the IP emissions). For statistical analysis, Pearson's chi(2), t-tests and multivariate logistic regressions were used, as well as adjusted odds ratios (OR) within a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis showed that increased LP of URTCD in children of proximal localities was statistically significant when associated with odour complaints (OR = 3.76 [1.16, 12.23]). In proximal localities, LP of URTCD was higher (at borderline level statistical insignificance p = 0.06) than in distant localities (OR = 2.31 [0.96, 5.55]). The following factors were found to be related to the excess of the LP of URTCD: (1) father's lower education (by distance: OR = 2.62 [1.23, 5.57]; by wind direction: OR = 4.07 [1.65, 10.03]); (2) in-vitro fertilization (by distance: OR = 3.03 [1.17, 7.87]; by wind direction: OR = 4.34 [1.48, 12.72]). In proximal localities, the increase in asthma LP was associated with: (1) wind direction (OR = 1.95 [1.01, 3.76]); (2) a child's male gender (OR = 2.95 [1.48, 5.87]); and (3) a child's mother's having had an acute infectious disease during pregnancy (OR = 4.84 [1.33, 17.63]). CONCLUSIONS: An increased LP of chronic respiratory morbidity among children living in small agricultural localities in the Negev was found to be associated with indirect measurements of exposure (distance, wind direction and odour complaints) to IP emissions. These results, in conjunction with previously reported findings in the Negev Bedouin population, indicate a need for environmental protection measures, and monitoring of air pollution and the health of the rural population.

A cross-sectional study of the relationship between body mass index and clinical characteristics, tenderness measures, quality of life, and physical functioning in fibromyalgia patients.

We examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and measures of tenderness, quality of life, and physical functioning in female fibromyalgia (FMS) patients. A random sample of 100 female FMS patients from a database of 550 FMS individuals was interviewed and assessed according to a structured questionnaire that included FMS-related symptoms, measures of tenderness (point count and dolorimetry), quality of life (SF-36), physical functioning, and BMI. Weight was defined as normal, overweight, and obesity according to BMI. Twenty-seven percent of the FMS patients had normal BMI, 28% were overweight, and 45% were obese. BMI was negatively correlated with quality of life (r = -0.205, P = 0.044) and tenderness threshold (r = -0.238, P = 0.021) and positively correlated with physical dysfunctioning (r = 0.202, P = 0.047) and point count (r = 0.261, P = 0.011). Obese FMS patients display higher pain sensitivity and lower levels of quality of life. In designing studies that explore factors affecting tenderness, BMI should be included in addition to sex, age, etc.