RESUMO
The title compound, cis-[Re(C(12)H(24)O(4)P)Cl(2)O(C(18)H(15)P)], was prepared from the analogous trans isomer [Glowiak et al. (2000 â¶). Polyhedron, 19, 2667-2672] by a trans-cis isomerization reaction. The Re(V) atom adopts a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. Besides being coordinated by the oxide and the butano-late O atoms, the Re(V) atom is coordinated by a pair of chloride ligands and two P atoms in cis positions with respect to each other. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by weak C-Hâ¯Cl inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional network.
RESUMO
A series of PEPPSI-type palladium(II) complexes was synthesized that contain 3-chloropyridine as an easily removable ligand and a triazolylidene as a strongly donating mesoionic spectator ligand. Catalytic tests in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions revealed the activity of these complexes towards aryl bromides and aryl chlorides at moderate temperatures (50 °C). However, the impact of steric shielding was the inverse of that observed with related normal Nheterocyclic carbenes (imidazol-2-ylidenes) and sterically congested mesityl substituents induced lower activity than small alkyl groups. Mechanistic investigations, including mercury poisoning experiments, TEM analyses, and ESI mass spectrometry, provide evidence for ligand dissociation and the formation of nanoparticles as a catalyst resting state. These heterogeneous particles provide a reservoir for soluble palladium atoms or clusters as operationally homogeneous catalysts for the arylation of aryl halides. Clearly, the substitution of a normal N-heterocyclic carbene for a more basic triazolylidene ligand in the precatalyst has a profound impact on the mode of action of the catalytic system.
RESUMO
In the title compound, [PdCl(2)(C(21)H(21)O(3)P)(2)], the Pd atom adopts a slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry, with pairs of the equivalent ligands in cis positions. Adjacent mol-ecules are linked by weak C-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is additionally stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions between the aromatic rings [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.758â (4)â Å].
RESUMO
The Pd atom in the title compound, [Pd(C(18)H(14)O(3)P)Cl(C(5)H(8)N(2))], adopts a slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry, with the metallated carbon positioned trans to the Cl atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by several weak C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen-bond inter-actions. One of the phenyl rings is disordered over two almost equally occupied sites.
RESUMO
This review focuses on the underlying pathways of gender-dependent renal diseases and presents specific examples of diseases influenced by gender. In the literature it has been shown, in many clinical and experimental observations, that the incidence and the rate of progression of renal disease are influenced by many gender-dependent factors, such as kidney and glomerular size, differences in glomerular hemodynamics, and direct effects of sex hormones on renal tissue and signal pathways such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and signal molecules (e.g. nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, cytokines and growth factors). It has been shown that the main female hormone, 17 ß estradiol, is capable of inhibiting inflammatory and pro apoptotic processes and protects the renal tissue. In contrast, the male hormones, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone, have the opposite effect. Hormonal manipulation by male or female castration changes the course of renal disease progression and confirms the influence of the sex hormones. Female gender is therefore considered a protective factor in many kidney diseases, such as primary glomerulonephritis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and hypertensive nephropathy. Similarly, women are more predisposed to autoimmune diseases with secondary glomerulonephritis, e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, as the female sex hormones have the ability of autoimmune process activation. After menopause the protective effect of female gender is not observed, which confirms the role of the female sex hormones.
Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/fisiologia , Nefropatias/fisiopatologia , Rim/fisiologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
The title compound, [Re(C(2)H(5)O)Cl(2)O(C(7)H(9)N)(2)], was crystallized from ethanol. The crystal structure of this complex contains a Re(V) atom in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry with pairs of equivalent ligands in trans positions. Adjacent complex mol-ecules are linked by weak C-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is additionally stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions between the aromatic rings with centroid-centroid distances of 3.546â (4)â Å.
RESUMO
The five-membered ring in the title compound, C(6)H(13)O(3)P, exists in an envelope conformation with one of the ring C atoms at the flap position. The coordination geometry around the P atom is a distorted tetra-hedron. The crystal structure is stabilized by several weak C-Hâ¯O and P-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
RESUMO
The title compound, [Pd2(C12H10O3P)2Cl2(C12H11O3P)2], consists of a dinuclear mu-chloro-bridged palladium unit with two diphenoxyphosphinite groups per Pd atom, linked together by a hydrogen bond. The asymmetric unit contains one half of the molecule, with the other half generated by an inversion centre. The geometry around the P atoms may be described as distorted tetrahedral. Adjacent molecules of the complex are linked by weak C-H...O and C-H...Cl hydrogen bonds. The structure is additionally stabilized by pi-pi stacking interactions between the aryl rings. These interactions form a herring-bone pattern in the crystal structure.
