Impact of Dietary Nitrate on the Recovery of Therapy-related Vascular Health Impairments Following Standard Periodontal Aftercare Therapy: a Hypothesis-generating Subanalysis.

This follow-up study assessed the impact of a nitrate-rich diet on salivary nitrate/nitrite levels and the recovery of therapy-induced vascular impairments in a cohort of 39 periodontitis patients treated by standard subgingival mechanical plaque removal (PMPR). At baseline, saliva samples for nitrate/nitrite analysis were collected, and peripheral/central blood and augmentation pressure was documented using the Arteriograph recording system. Immediately after, PMPR vascular parameters were reassessed. All study patients received a randomly allocated supply of a lettuce beverage to be consumed for 14 days, containing either a daily dosage of 200 mg nitrate (test group, n = 20) or being void of nitrate (placebo group, n = 19). At day 14, salivary and vascular parameters were reassessed. Initial salivary and vascular parameters did not differ significantly between the groups. PMPR impaired all vascular parameters in both groups with no differences between the groups. At day 14, salivary nitrate/nitrite levels of the test group were significantly elevated compared to baseline. All vascular parameters had significantly recovered from the impairment inflicted by PMPR. In the placebo group, by contrast, salivary parameters did not differ significantly from baseline, and the recovery of impaired vascular parameters was restricted to a significant improvement of diastolic blood pressure. Correlation analysis identified a significant inverse correlation between salivary nitrate/nitrite sum and central/peripheral blood pressure and augmentation pressure. In conclusion, the data of this subanalysis suggest that increasing salivary nitrate/nitrite levels by a diet rich in nitrate may improve recovery of therapy-induced vascular impairments after PMPR.

Nitrate-rich diet alters the composition of the oral microbiota in periodontal recall patients.

BACKGROUND: This follow-up study evaluated microbiome changes in periodontal recall patients after consuming a nitrate-rich diet that led to a marked decrease of gingival inflammation. METHODS: Subgingival microbial samples of 37 patients suffering from gingival inflammation with reduced periodontium were taken before professional mechanical plaque removal (baseline) and subsequently after 2 weeks of regularly consuming a lettuce juice beverage (day 14) containing a daily dosage of 200 mg of nitrate (test group, n = 18) or being void of nitrate (placebo group, n = 19). Three hundred base pairs paired-end sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rDNA was performed. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no significant differences about the bacterial diversity parameters between the groups (Mann-Whitney U test). After intervention in the test group, Rothia and Neisseria, including species reducing nitrate, increased significantly (negative binomial regression model). Alpha diversity decreased significantly from 115.69 ± 24.30 to 96.42 ± 24.82 aRSVs/sample (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), accompanied by a significant change in beta diversity (P < 0.001, PERMANOVA). In the control group, however, no genus changed significantly, and alpha-, as well as beta-diversity did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients induced by a nitrate-rich diet is accompanied by significant compositional changes within the subgingival microbiome.

Phytic Acid Contents and Metabolite Profiles of Progenies from Crossing Low Phytic Acid OsMIK and OsMRP5 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutants.

The impact of cross-breeding two low phytic acid (lpa) rice mutants on the content of phytic acid and the metabolite profile of the resulting double mutant was investigated. Progenies resulting from the cross of Os-lpa-XS110-1, a rice mutant carrying the myo-inositol kinase (OsMIK) mutated gene, and Os-lpa-XS110-2, with the multidrug resistance-associated protein ABC transporter gene 5 (OsMRP5) as the mutation target, were subjected to high-pressure ion chromatography. The reduction of the phytic acid content in the double mutant (-63%) was much more pronounced than in the single mutants (-26 and -47%). Gas chromatography-based metabolite profiling revealed a superimposition of the metabolite profiles inherited from the lpa progenitors in the double mutant progenies; the resulting metabolite signature was predominated by the OsMIK mutation effect. The study demonstrated that cross-breeding of two single lpa mutants can be employed to generate double lpa rice mutants showing both a significant reduction in the content of phytic acid and the imprinting of a specific mutation-induced metabolite signature.

Stability of the Metabolite Signature Resulting from the MIPS1 Mutation in Low Phytic Acid Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) Mutants upon Cross-Breeding.

The low phytic acid ( lpa) soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) mutant Gm-lpa-TW-1-M, resulting from a 2 bp deletion in GmMIPS1, was crossed with a commercial cultivar. F3 and F5 progenies were subjected to nontargeted GC-based metabolite profiling, allowing analysis of a broad array of low molecular weight constituents. In the homozygous lpa mutant progenies the intended phytic acid reduction was accompanied by remarkable metabolic changes of nutritionally relevant constituents such as reduced contents of raffinose oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols as well as increased concentrations in sucrose and various free amino acids. The mutation-induced metabolite signature was nearly unaffected by the cross-breeding and consistently expressed over generations and in different growing seasons. Therefore, not only the primary MIPS1 lpa mutant but also its progenies might be valuable genetic resources for commercial breeding programs to produce soybean seeds stably exhibiting improved phytate-related and nutritional properties.

Impact of Crossing Parent and Environment on the Metabolite Profiles of Progenies Generated from a Low Phytic Acid Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Mutant.

The low phytic acid ( lpa) rice mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1, exhibiting a mutation-induced metabolite signature (i.e., increased levels of sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, phytosterols, and biogenic amines), was crossed with two commercial wild-type cultivars. The resulting progenies of generation F8 harvested at three independent field trials were subjected to a GC/MS-based metabolite profiling approach. Statistical assessments via multivariate and univariate analyses demonstrated that the environment had a strong impact on the metabolite profiles of the resulting progenies. In addition, the metabolites of homozygous lpa progenies were significantly influenced by the lipid profiles of the wild-type cultivars employed as the crossing parents. However, for each individual field trial, both the lpa trait and the mutation-specific metabolite signature were consistently expressed in the homozygous lpa mutant progenies of the two crosses. The data underline that cross-breeding can be employed as a tool to generate lpa progeny rice seeds stably exhibiting the mutation-induced metabolic traits.

Impact of Cross-Breeding of Low Phytic Acid MIPS1 and IPK1 Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) Mutants on Their Contents of Inositol Phosphate Isomers.

The knowledge on consequences of cross-breeding of induced low phytic acid ( lpa) soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) mutants on the contents of phytic acid (InsP6) and lower inositol phosphate isomers (InsP2-InsP5) in the resulting progenies is limited. Therefore, MIPS1 and IPK1 lpa soybean mutants were crossed with wild-type (WT) cultivars or among themselves to generate homozygous lpa and WT progenies and double lpa mutants. The lpa trait of the MIPS1 mutant was not altered by cross-breeding with a WT cultivar; lpa progenies had InsP6 reductions of about 44% compared to WT progenies. IPK1 progenies showed pronounced accumulations of specific InsP3-InsP5 isomers (up to 12.4 mg/g) compared to the progenitor lpa mutant (4.7 mg/g); the extent of InsP6 reduction (43-71%) was depending on the WT crossing parent. Double mutants exhibited the most pronounced InsP6 reductions (up to 87%), accompanied by moderate accumulations of InsP3-InsP5 (2.5 mg/g). Cross-breeding offers the potential to modulate the amounts of both InsP6 and InsP3-InsP5 contents in lpa soybean mutants and thus to improve their nutritional quality.

Stability of the Metabolite Signature Resulting from the OsSULTR3;3 Mutation in Low Phytic Acid Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Seeds upon Cross-breeding.

The low phytic acid ( lpa) rice ( Oryza sativa L.) mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1, resulting from the mutation of the putative sulfate transporter gene OsSULTR3;3, was crossed with a commercial rice cultivar. The obtained progenies of generations F4 to F7 were subjected to a nontargeted metabolite profiling approach allowing the analyses of a broad spectrum of lipophilic and hydrophilic low-molecular-weight constituents. The metabolite profiles of the homozygous lpa progenies were characterized not only by a decreased concentration of phytic acid but also by increased contents of constituents from various classes, such as sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, phytosterols, and biogenic amines. Statistical assessments of the data via multivariate and univariate approaches demonstrated that this mutation-induced metabolite signature was nearly unaffected by the cross-breeding step and consistently expressed over several generations. The data demonstrate that even for complex metabolic changes resulting from a mutation, cross-breeding can be employed as a tool to generate progeny rice seeds stably exhibiting the mutation induced traits.

Stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO-metabolism by repeated lettuce juice consumption decreases gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

AIM: This prospective, parallel group, two-armed, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial evaluated the impact of dietary nitrate consumption on gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four (23 test/21 placebo) periodontal recall patients with chronic gingivitis were enrolled. At baseline, gingival index (GI), plaque control record (PCR) and salivary nitrate level (SNL) were recorded, followed by sub- and supragingival debridement. Subsequently, participants were randomly provided with 100 ml bottles of a lettuce juice beverage to be consumed 3× daily over 14 days, containing either a standardized amount of nitrate resulting in an intake of approximately 200 mg nitrate per day (test) or being devoid of nitrate (placebo). RESULTS: At baseline, mean GI, PCR and SNL did not differ significantly between the groups. At day 14, mean GI of the test group was significantly reduced compared to baseline and significantly lower (p = 0.002) than in the placebo group (GI 0.3 versus 0.5). Also, mean SNL in the test group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (54.0 µg/ml versus 27.8 µg/ml; p < 0.035). Mean PCR did not change significantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary nitrate consumption may be a useful adjunct in the control of chronic gingivitis.