An online survey of the use of digital cameras by members of the British Association of Dermatologists.

The use of digital cameras by clinicians is increasing, and raises issues concerning patient consent and confidentiality. An online survey of members of the British Association of Dermatologists was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire. In total, 339 individuals completed the survey, a response rate of 37.6%. The survey shows that there are variations in the type of consent obtained by clinicians taking digital images of patients, and the methods used to store images are not always compliant with current UK legislation. Guidelines would help to improve and standardize the practice of clinicians who take digital images of patients.

Wind-activated thoracic interneurons of the cockroach: I. Responses to controlled wind stimulation.

The cockroach escape response begins with a turn away from a wind puff such as that generated by an approaching predator. The presence and direction of that wind is detected by hairs on the animal's cerci, and this information is conducted to the thoracic ganglia via two populations of giant interneurons. In the thoracic ganglia, the giant interneurons excite a number of interneurons, at least some of which in turn excite motor neurons that control leg movement. In this paper we examine response properties of various thoracic neurons to wind stimuli originating from different directions. Three sets of thoracic neurons were distinguished on the basis of latency. Type A interneurons had short latencies to wind stimuli (1.3-2.25 ms). Type B interneurons had longer latencies (4-6 ms), and motor neurons had the longest latencies (5.6-17.0 ms). Individual type A interneurons either responded equally to wind from all directions or were biased in their response. Directionality was related to the presence of ventral branches near one or both sides of the midline of the ganglion. Cells with ventral median (VM) branches on either side tended to be omnidirectional or front-rear biased, whereas cells with VM branches on only one side were biased to that side. Although several type B interneurons had strong wind responses and were directionally sensitive, they did not have VM branches. We hypothesize that the presence of VM branches in type A interneurons permits connection with ventral giant interneurons, and this connection accounts for their short latency and directional properties. This hypothesis will be tested in the companion paper.