Measurement of internal diameters of capillaries and glass syringes using gravimetric and optical methods for microflow applications.

OBJECTIVES: Microflow measurement devices are used in several science and health applications, mainly drug delivery. In the last decade, several new methods based on optical technology were developed, namely the front tracking and interferometric method, in which the knowledge of the inner diameter of the syringe or the capillary used is critical. Only a few National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) can perform inner diameter measurements below 1 mm, which requires expensive technology. Therefore, IPQ, in cooperation with CETIAT, CMI and UNIDEMI, under the EMPIR project 18HLT08 MeDDII - Metrology for Drug Delivery, developed new measurement methods for small inner diameter tubes based on the gravimetric principle and optical methods in order to simplify the apparatus used for this type of measurements without increasing uncertainty. METHODS: The gravimetric experimental setup consists of measuring the liquid volume on a specific length of the glass tube. The optical method used is based on the front track principle that uses a high-resolution camera and ImageJ software, to determine the diameter at both ends of each capillary. RESULTS: To validate the developed methods, a comparison was performed between CETIAT, CMI and IPQ and the results obtained were all consistent. CONCLUSIONS: This work allowed the determination of inner diameter of syringes or capillaries using two different methods with relative expanded uncertainties from 0.1 to 0.5% (k=2), that can be applied for flow measurements using optical technology.

CA-125 AUC as a predictor for epithelial ovarian cancer relapse.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the usefulness of CA-125 normalized in time area under the curve (CA-125 AUC) to signalise epithelial ovarian cancer relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from a hundred and eleven patients were submitted to two different approaches based on CA-125 AUC increase values to predict patient relapse. In Criterion A total CA-125 AUC normalized in time value (AUC(i)) was compared with the immediately previous one (AUC(i-1)) using the formulae AUC(i) > or = F * AUC(i-1) (several F values were tested) to find the appropriate close related increment associated to patient relapse. In Criterion B total CA-125 AUC normalised in time was calculated and several cut-off values were correlated with patient relapse prediction capacity. RESULTS: In Criterion A the best accuracy was achieved with a factor (F) of 1.25 (increment of 25% from the previous status), while in Criterion B the best accuracies were achieved with cut-offs of 25, 50, 75 and 100 IU/mL. The mean lead time to relapse achieved with Criterion A was 181 days, while with Criterion B they were, respectively, 131, 111, 63 and 11 days. CONCLUSION: Based on our results we believe that conjugation and sequential application of both criteria in patient relapse detection should be highly advisable. CA-125 AUC rapid burst in asymptomatic patients should be firstly evaluated using Criterion A with a high accuracy (0.85) and with a substantial mean lead time to relapse (181 days). If a negative answer was obtained then Criterion B should performed to confirm the absence of relapse.

[Prognostic value of c-erb-2 immunohistochemistry expression in patients with primary breast cancer and adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen]. / Valor prognóstico da expressão por imuno-histoquímica do c-erb-2. Em doentes sob terapêutica adjuvante com Tamoxifeno por carcinoma primário da mama.

INTRODUCTION: The c-erb2 proto-oncogene is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and has been associated with a more aggressive breast tumour biology and resistance to some types of treatments. AIMS: To evaluate the prognostic value of c-erb-2 receptor, from primary breast cancer on tamoxifen therapy. METHODS: We examined 66 paraffin-embedded sections from primary breast cancers. Patients were treated with surgery plus adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen; 58% had also received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Membrane staining for c-erb-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and overall survival and relapse-free survival were compared between positives and negatives for c-erb-2. RESULTS: 43,9% of tumours over expressed c-erb-2 receptor, but this was not associated with a worse prognosis on overall survival either on relapse free-survival, with a p value of 0,15 and 0,2 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is not any advantage to determine c-erb-2 as a prognostic factor on overall survival either on relapse free-survival. Attending the homogenous characteristics between both groups with any statistical differences according age.