RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus from cattle, pigs and chickens across the European Union (EU) using uniform methodology. METHODS: Intestinal samples (1624) were taken at slaughter across five EU countries. Bacteria were isolated in national laboratories, whilst MICs were determined in a central laboratory for key antimicrobials used in human medicine. Clinical resistance was based on CLSI breakpoints and decreased susceptibility based on European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)/EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values. RESULTS: Isolation rates were high for E. coli (n=1540), low for Salmonella (n=201) and intermediate for Campylobacter (n=940) and Enterococcus (n=786). For E. coli and Salmonella, clinical resistance to newer compounds (cefepime, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin) was absent or low, but decreased susceptibility was apparent, particularly in chicken strains. Resistance to older compounds (except gentamicin) was variable and higher. Colistin resistance was absent for E. coli, but apparent for Salmonella. For Campylobacter jejuni, ciprofloxacin resistance was markedly prevalent for chickens, whereas clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility to erythromycin was absent or very low. For Campylobacter coli, resistance was notably higher. None of the Enterococcus faecium strains was resistant to linezolid, but some were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin. Resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin was frequent. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance patterns varied widely depending on bacterial species, antibiotics, hosts and region. Resistance varied among countries, particularly for older antimicrobials, but clinical resistance to newer antibiotics used to treat foodborne disease in humans was generally very low. In the absence of resistance to newer compounds in E. coli and Salmonella, the apparent decreased susceptibility should be monitored.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Matadouros , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , União Europeia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , SuínosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to study antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus recovered from chickens, pigs and cattle using uniform methodology. METHODS: Intestinal samples were taken at slaughter in five EU countries per host and bacteria isolated in national laboratories. MICs were determined in a central laboratory of key antimicrobials used in human medicine. Clinical resistance was based on CLSI breakpoints and decreased susceptibility on EFSA epidemiological cut-off values. RESULTS: Isolation rates from a total of 1500 samples were high for E. coli (n=1465), low for Salmonella (n=205) and intermediate for Campylobacter (n=785) and Enterococcus (n=718). Resistance prevalence varied among antibiotics, bacteria, hosts and countries. For E. coli and Salmonella, clinical resistance to newer compounds (cefepime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin) was absent or low, but a decreased susceptibility was apparent, particularly in chickens. Clinical resistance to older compounds (except colistin and gentamicin) was variable and higher. For Campylobacter jejuni from chickens, ciprofloxacin resistance was markedly higher than in isolates from cattle. Clinical resistance to erythromycin was absent for both hosts; decreased susceptibility very low. Similar trends were determined for Campylobacter coli, but C. jejuni was less resistant. None of the enterococcal strains was resistant to linezolid, but a few displayed resistance to ampicillin or vancomycin. Resistance prevalence to quinupristin/dalfopristin was clearly higher. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance among enteric organisms in food animals varied among countries, particularly for older antimicrobials, but clinical resistance to essential compounds used to treat disease in humans was generally zero or low. In the absence of clinical resistance to newer compounds in E. coli and Salmonella, the apparent decreased susceptibility should be monitored carefully.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , União Europeia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , SuínosAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/epidemiologia , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/prevenção & controle , Animais , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Mycoplasma mycoides , Namíbia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC), is one of the most important diseases of cattle in Sub-Saharan Africa. The live T1/44 vaccine is normally used for its control but produces only transient protection and gives rise to adverse reactions. The present study evaluated the efficacy of danofloxacin (2.5% Advocintrade mark, Pfizer Ltd.) for the treatment of naturally infected cattle and in the prevention of CBPP transmission to in-contact cattle. Adult cattle, taken from a natural outbreak, were placed into two groups of 10 animals and kept on a research farm in paddocks 50m apart. One group was treated with 2.5mg/kg danofloxacin on days 0, 1 and 2; the other group were saline treated. On day 2, 10 CBPP-free, seronegative cattle were placed in contact with each of the two groups. All cattle were monitored for 3.5 months. No differences were seen in clinical improvement of the CBPP-affected cattle treated with danofloxacin compared with the untreated CBPP-affected cattle with approximately half of each group being withdrawn because of CBPP or showing CBPP lesions at post mortem examination. Clinical scores of the two groups were also similar. However cattle kept in contact with the danofloxacin-treated CBPP-affected animals showed significantly fewer lesions, less mortality and fewer animals were seropositive (P<0.02) and had reduced clinical scores (P<0.001) compared to cattle kept in contact with untreated CBPP-affected cattle. MmmSC was also isolated from fewer contact controls kept with the treated group. These findings could have important implications for the control of CBPP in Africa.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/tratamento farmacológico , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Bacteriana/veterinária , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Saúde , Mycoplasma mycoides , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/transmissão , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Bacteriana/transmissãoRESUMO
The in vitro activity of tulathromycin was evaluated against common bovine and porcine respiratory pathogens collected from outbreaks of clinical disease across eight European countries from 1998 to 2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for one isolate of each bacterial species from each outbreak were determined using a broth microdilution technique. The lowest concentrations inhibiting the growth of 90% of isolates (MIC90) for tulathromycin were 2 microg/ml for Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, 1 microg/ml for Pasteurella multocida (bovine), and 2 microg/ml for Pasteurella multocida (porcine) and ranged from 0.5 to 4 microg/ml for Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) and from 4 to 16 microg/ml for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Isolates were retested in the presence of serum. The activity of tulathromycin against fastidious organisms was affected by culture conditions, and MICs were reduced in the presence of serum.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Dissacarídeos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bovinos , Dissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Haemophilus somnus/efeitos dos fármacos , Haemophilus somnus/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Heterocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Técnicas In Vitro , Mannheimia haemolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mannheimia haemolytica/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Pasteurella multocida/efeitos dos fármacos , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/sangue , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/tratamento farmacológico , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment (phase 1) and prevention (phase 2) of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated on commercial farms in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. In phase 1, commingled cattle with clinical BRD were treated with tulathromycin (n = 128) or florfenicol (n = 125) on day 0. Similar percentages of animals showed sustained clinical improvement at day 14 (tulathromycin 83.3% versus florfenicol 81.0%) and had not relapsed by day 60 (tulathromycin 63.3% versus florfenicol 58.4%). In phase 2, healthy in-contact cattle were treated with tulathromycin (n = 492), tilmicosin (n = 494), or saline (n = 265) on day 0. Significantly more (P = .0001) tulathromycin-treated cattle remained healthy to day 14 (92.4%) than tilmicosin-treated (83.7%) or saline-treated (63.7%) cattle, and this was maintained through day 60 (tulathromycin 85.4% versus tilmicosin 75.1% and saline 56.2%). Tulathromycin was highly effective in the treatment and prevention of BRD.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Dissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Compostos Heterocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/epidemiologia , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Bovinos , Dissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Haemophilus somnus/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Heterocíclicos/administração & dosagem , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Mannheimia haemolytica/isolamento & purificação , Mycoplasma bovis/isolamento & purificação , Pasteurella multocida/isolamento & purificação , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/tratamento farmacológico , Pasteurelose Pneumônica/microbiologia , Tianfenicol/administração & dosagem , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Tianfenicol/uso terapêutico , Tilosina/administração & dosagem , Tilosina/análogos & derivados , Tilosina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) due to Mycoplasma bovis was determined following experimental infection. Two highly pathogenic strains of M. bovis (with minimum inhibitory concentration values for tulathromycin of 1 and >64 microg/ml) were inoculated into 145 calves. Four days after inoculation, calves with clinical BRD were treated subcutaneously with saline or tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg). Compared with saline, BRD-related withdrawals, peak rectal temperatures, and lung lesion scores were significantly lower for tulathromycin-treated calves (P < .01). Tulathromycin was highly effective in the treatment of BRD due to M. bovis in calves regardless of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the challenge strain (1 or >64 microg/ml).
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Dissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Heterocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Mycoplasma bovis , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Temperatura Corporal , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Dissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Dissacarídeos/farmacologia , Feminino , Compostos Heterocíclicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Mycoplasma bovis/classificação , Mycoplasma bovis/efeitos dos fármacos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The clinical efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of natural outbreaks of swine respiratory disease (SRD) was evaluated at five European sites. Pigs (1 to 6 months of age) exhibiting clinical signs of SRD were treated intramuscularly with tulathromycin (n = 247) at 2.5 mg/kg on day 0 versus either tiamulin (n = 102) at 15 mg/kg on days 0, 1, and 2 (Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) or florfenicol (n = 20) at 15 mg/kg on days 0 and 2 (France). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections were the most frequently diagnosed pathogens. For both tulathromycin-treated animals and those treated with tiamulin or florfenicol, there were significant (P = .0001) reductions in mean rectal temperature and the severity of abnormal clinical signs on days 2 and 10 compared with day 0. There were no significant differences (P > .05) between treatments in average daily weight gain. Tulathromycin was found to be safe and highly effective in the treatment of natural outbreaks of SRD.