Metabolic syndrome and its components are strongly associated with an inflammatory state and insulin resistance in the pediatric population / Síndrome metabólico y sus componentes se asocian con insulino resistencia y marcadores de inflamación en poblacion pediátrica

Introduction: Endothelial inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) begin in childhood and constitute the pathophysiological basis of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The increase levels in plasma of inflammatory markers such as high sensitive PCR (hsPCR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tests suggestive of IR such as Insulin (Ins) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been associated with MS in adults, but have not been studied in children. Objectives: Correlate the presence of MS and its components with the inflammatory and IR markers seen in the pediatric population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 337 children (10,9±9,7 years) whose levels of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT were determined, along with their association with MS and its individual components. Results: 37 children had MS (10,4%). The frequency of MS components was: abdominal obesity 38,5%, hypertension (HTN) 21,3%, hypertriglyceridemia 17,8%, HDL 21,3% and hyperglycemia 1,4%. hsPCR, PAI-1, ALT and Ins were higher in the presence of MS and increased progressively when components were came together. Conclusions: The pediatric population segment with MS had a higher concentration of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT.These levels increase proportionally MS components add up, suggesting that even before diagnosis criteria are fulfilled there is a inflammatory state (AU)

Introducción: La insulino resistencia (IR) y la inflamación endotelial constituyen la base fisiopatológica del Síndrome metabólico (SM) . El aumento de los niveles plasmáticos de mascadores de inflamación como PCRus, Inhibidor del activador de plasminógeni tipo 1 (PAI-1) y parámetros sugerentes de insulino resistencia (IR) como insulina, triglicéridos y Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se han asociado a síndrome metabólico en adultos pero han sido menos estudiados en pediatría. . Objetivo: Correlacionar los componentes del SM con marcadores de inflamación e IR en población pediátrica. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 337 niños (10,9±9,7 años). Se determinó niveles plasmáticos de PCRus, PAI- 1, ALT e Insulina y se evaluó su asociación con Síndrome metabólico y sus criterios de forma individual. Resultados: 37 sujetos tuvieron diagnóstico de SM (10.4%). 38.5% presentó obesidad abdominal, 21.3% Hipertensión arterial, 17.8% Hipertrigliceridemia, 21.3% niveles bajos de HDL y un 1.4% Hiperglicemia. Encontramos que PCRus, PAI-1 y ALT fueron más altas en presencia de SM y aumentaban progresivamente a medida que se agregaban criterios diagnósticos. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que en población pediátrica con diagnóstico de SM existen niveles más altos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e insulina y que a mayor nú- mero de criterios presentes la inflamación pareciera ser mayor lo que sugiere que incluso antes de tener el diagnóstico de SM ya existe un estado pro inflamatorio (AU)

Metabolic syndrome and its components are strongly associated with an inflammatory state and insulin resistance in the pediatric population.

INTRODUCTION: Endothelial inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) begin in childhood and constitute the pathophysiological basis of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The increase levels in plasma of inflammatory markers such as high sensitive PCR (hsPCR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and tests suggestive of IR such as Insulin (Ins) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been associated with MS in adults, but have not been studied in children. OBJECTIVES: Correlate the presence of MS and its components with the inflammatory and IR markers seen in the pediatric population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 337 children (10,9±9,7 years) whose levels of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT were determined, along with their association with MS and its individual components. RESULTS: 37 children had MS (10,4%). The frequency of MS components was: abdominal obesity 38,5%, hypertension (HTN) 21,3%, hypertriglyceridemia 17,8%, HDL 21,3% and hyperglycemia 1,4%. hsPCR, PAI-1, ALT and Ins were higher in the presence of MS and increased progressively when components were came together. CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric population segment with MS had a higher concentration of hsPCR, PAI-1, Ins and ALT.These levels increase proportionally MS components add up, suggesting that even before diagnosis criteria are fulfilled there is a inflammatory state.

La insulino resistencia (IR) y la inflamación endotelial constituyen la base fisiopatológica del Síndrome metabólico (SM) . El aumento de los niveles plasmáticos de mascadores de inflamación como PCRus, Inhibidor del activador de plasminógeni tipo 1 (PAI-1) y parámetros sugerentes de insulino resistencia (IR) como insulina, triglicéridos y Alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) se han asociado a síndrome metabólico en adultos pero han sido menos estudiados en pediatría. Objetivo: Correlacionar los componentes del SM con marcadores de inflamación e IR en población pediátrica. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 337 niños (10,9±9,7 años). Se determinó niveles plasmáticos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e Insulina y se evaluó su asociación con Síndrome metabólico y sus criterios de forma individual. Resultados: 37 sujetos tuvieron diagnóstico de SM (10.4%). 38.5% presentó obesidad abdominal, 21.3% Hipertensión arterial, 17.8% Hipertrigliceridemia, 21.3% niveles bajos de HDL y un 1.4% Hiperglicemia. Encontramos que PCRus, PAI-1 y ALT fueron más altas en presencia de SM y aumentaban progresivamente a medida que se agregaban criterios diagnósticos. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra que en población pediátrica con diagnóstico de SM existen niveles más altos de PCRus, PAI-1, ALT e insulina y que a mayor número de criterios presentes la inflamación pareciera ser mayor lo que sugiere que incluso antes de tener el diagnóstico de SM ya existe un estado pro inflamatorio.

[Compliance with current standards for the early detection of neonatal hearing loss]. / Cumplimiento de la normatividad vigente para la detección temprana de la hipoacusia neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing compliance with the section "Assessment of hearing" stipulated in the Technical Standard to Detect Alteration in children aged less than 10 years-old in Bogota. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study which involved reviewing the medical records of all children born between July 1st and December 31st 2010 in two healthcare institutions in Bogota. Records were selected in which any of the following risk factors appeared: neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia involving phototherapy, neonatal exposure to ototoxic substances and/or <1.500 gr low birth weight. It was also ascertained whether children had been referred to an auditory evoked potential test as the prescribed screening test for neonatal hearing, as stipulated in mandatory Colombian technical standards for detecting abnormal growth and developmental in children aged less than ten years-old. RESULTS: Neither of the two institutions was making the aforementioned referral test. DISCUSSION: The results indicated significant difficulties in adherence to the protocol for the early detection of hearing loss regarding pertinent/current neonatal Colombian regulations.

MBF1s regulate ABA-dependent germination of Arabidopsis seeds.

Transcriptional co-activators of the multiprotein bridging factor 1 (MBF1) controls gene expression by connecting transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. In Arabidopsis thaliana functions of MBF1 genes have been related to stress tolerance and developmental alterations. Endogenous ABA plays a major role in the regulation of Arabidopsis seed dormancy and germination. Seed dormancy and ABA sensitivity are enhanced in ethylene insensitive mutants suggesting that ethylene signal transduction pathway is necessary to fully develop ABA-dependent germination. In this report we showed that a triple knock-down mutant for Arabidopsis MBF1 genes (abc-) has enhanced seed dormancy and displays hypersensitivity to exogenous ABA. In addition, higher ABA contents were detected in abc- seeds after imbibition. These evidences suggest a negative role of MBF1s genes in ABA-dependent inhibition of germination. The participation of MBF1s in ethylene signal transduction pathway is also discussed.

Cumplimiento de la normatividad vigente para la detección temprana de la hipoacusia neonatal / Compliance with current standards for the early detection of neonatal hearing loss

Objetivo Evaluar el cumplimiento del apartado de "Valoración de la Capacidad Auditiva" estipulado en la Norma Técnica para la Detección de las Alteraciones en el menor de 10 años en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de todos los niños nacidos entre el 01 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2010, en dos instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se seleccionaron aquellas en las que se presentaba cualquiera de los siguientes factores de riesgo: hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal con requerimiento de fototerapia, exposición neonatal a ototóxicos, bajo peso al nacer (<1 500 gramos) y se verificó la remisión a Potenciales Auditivos Evocados como prueba de detección de la hipoacusia neonatal de acuerdo a lo estipulado de manera obligatoria en la Norma Técnica para la Detección de las Alteraciones de Crecimiento y Desarrollo en el Menor de Diez Años. Resultados En ninguna de las dos instituciones se realizó la remisión a la prueba mencionada. Discusión Los resultados del estudioindican graves dificultades en la adherencia al protocolo de detección temprana de la hipoacusia neonatal vigente en la normatividad Colombiana.

Objective Assessing compliance with the section "Assessment of hearing" stipulated in the Technical Standard to Detect Alteration in children aged less than 10 years-old in Bogota. Methods This was a cross-sectional study which involved reviewing the medical records of all children born between July 1st and December 31st 2010 in two healthcare institutions in Bogota. Records were selected in which any of the following risk factors appeared: neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia involving phototherapy, neonatal exposure to ototoxic substances and/or <1.500 gr low birth weight. It was also ascertained whether children had been referred to an auditory evoked potential test as the prescribed screening test for neonatal hearing, as stipulated in mandatory Colombian technical standards for detecting abnormal growth and developmental in children aged less than ten years-old. Results Neither of the two institutions was making the aforementioned referral test. Discussion The results indicated significant difficulties in adherence to the protocol for the early detection of hearing loss regarding pertinent/current neonatal Colombian regulations.

The analysis of an Arabidopsis triple knock-down mutant reveals functions for MBF1 genes under oxidative stress conditions.

Transcriptional co-activators of the multiprotein bridging factor 1 (MBF1) type belong to a small multigenic family that controls gene expression by connecting transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. In this report, a triple knock-down mutant (abc-) for the Arabidopsis thaliana MBF1 genes AtMBF1a, AtMBF1b and AtMBF1c was generated. The phenotypic characterization using oxidative agents such as hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen revealed that the abc- mutant was more sensitive to oxidative stress. The triple knock-down mutant, abc- was also sensitive to osmotic stress mediated by high concentrations of sorbitol. Furthermore, the abc- phenotype was partially or completely rescued by AtMBF1c cDNA over-expression (abc- +c) depending on physiological and developmental conditions. AtMBF1s regulate the expression of ABR1, which is a member of the ethylene-response factor family and acts as ABA repressor. Thus, we conclude that AtMBF1 gene family may function as a regulatory component of the cross-talk node between ethylene, ABA and stress signal pathways. Furthermore, higher levels of a HSP70 mRNA and an immunoreactive HSP70 protein were detected in the abc- mutant. The participation of MBF1c as a possible negative regulator of HSP genes was discussed.

Eficácia e tolerabilidade de uma nova toxina botulínica tipo a para tratamento estético de rugas faciais dinâmicas: estudo multicêntrico prospectivo de fase III / Efficacy and Tolerability of a New Botulinum Toxin Type A for Cosmetic Treatment of Dynamic Facial Wrinkles: a Prospective, Phase III, Multicenter Study

Introdução: A toxina botulínica é opção importante para o tratamento das rugas faciais dinâmicas. A toxina botulínica Lanzhou tipo A (LBTX-A) foi introduzida na China no início da década de 1990 e aprovada no Brasil em 2003. Objetivo: Avaliar a efi cácia e a tolerabilidade de LBTX-A para tratamento estético de rugas dinâmicas na parte superior da face. Materiais e Métodos: Em um estudo multicêntrico prospectivo com rótulo aberto, 110 indivíduos dos dois gêneros (idades de 25 a 65 anos) foram tratados com um total de 53 U de LBTX-A cada, distribuídos em 15 locais nos músculos frontal, corrugador, prócero e lateral ocular da órbita. Os pacientes foram revisados sete vezes no intervalo de 180 dias. A efi cácia foi avaliada por eletromiografi a, análise fotográfi ca e pelas opiniões do investigador e do paciente. A tolerabilidade foi avaliada pela incidência de eventos adversos. Resultados: Duas semanas depois das injeções, 94% dos pacientes tratados consideraram o resultado bom ou excelente. Na maioria dos casos, os resultados se prolongaram por 90 dias. Depois da injeção, quase todos os pacientes informaram dor leve ou ausência de dor e efeitos colaterais mínimos e reversíveis, como edema facial (seis pacientes), sensação de entumescimento facial (três pacientes) e ptose palpebral (dois pacientes). Conclusões: LBTX-A é efi ciente e bem tolerado para tratamento das linhas faciais dinâmicas.

Introduction: The botulinum toxin is a valuable option for the treatment of dynamic facial wrinkles. The Lanzhou botulinum toxin type A (LBTX-A) was introduced in China in the early 90's and approved in Brazil in 2003. Objective: Evaluate the effi cacy and tolerability of LBTX-A for the cosmetic treatment of dynamic wrinkles of the upper face. Material and Methods: In a prospective, open-label, multicenter study, 110 subjects of both sexes (aged from 25 to 65 years) were treated with a total of 53 U of LBTX-A each, distributed in fi fteen sites in the frontal, corrugator, procerus, orbicular ocular lateral muscles. The patients were reviewed 7 times within 180 days. Effi cacy was assessed by electromyography, photographic analysis and the investigator's and patient's opinions. Tolerability was assessed by the incidence of adverse events. Results: Two weeks post-injection, 94% of the treated patients considered the result as good or excellent. Results lasted 90 days in most cases. After injection, most patients reported mild or no pain, and minimal and reversible side effects as facial edema (6 patients), stuffi ness feeling (3 patients) and eyelid ptosis (2 patients). Conclusions: We conclude that LBTX-A is effi cient and well tolerated for the treatment of dynamic facial lines.

Onychoprotothecosis: report of the first case in Brazil.

The present report describes a case of onychoprotothecosis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii in a nonimmunocompromized female. Dermatological examination showed yellowish discoloration of the left and right forefinger nails, showing onicolysis and hyperkeratosis. The repeated isolation of the algae Prototheca (organisms morula-like) as well as the repeated culture in media, Sabouraud agar, confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with tioconazol 1% topic solution. The aim of this paper was to present a rare condition.

The potato transcriptional co-activator StMBF1 is up-regulated in response to oxidative stress and interacts with the TATA-box binding protein.

To gain a better understanding on the function of the potato Solanum tuberosum Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1 protein (StMBF1) its interaction with the TATA box binding protein (TBP) was demonstrated. In addition we reported that StMBF1 rescues the yeast mbf1 mutant phenotype, indicating its role as a plant co-activator. These data reinforce the hypothesis that MBF1 function is also conserved among non closely related plant species. In addition, measurement of StMBF1 protein level by Western blot using anti-StMBF1 antibodies indicated that the protein level increased upon H(2)O(2) and heat shock treatments. However, the potato beta-1,3-glucanase protein level was not changed under the same experimental conditions. These data indicate that StMBF1 participates in the cell stress response against oxidative stress allowing us to suggest that MBF1 genes from different plant groups may share similar functions.

Cutaneous protothecosis: report of a third Brazilian case.

The present report describes a case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii in a nonimmunocompromised Brazilian female. Dermatological examination revealed a 15-cm diffusely infiltrated eczema-like plaque recovered with many pustule-like lesions on the right forearm. We emphasize the mycological and pathological aspects of this infection that can lead to misdiagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole.

Homeodomain-leucine zipper proteins interact with a plant homologue of the transcriptional co-activator multiprotein bridging factor 1.

StMBF1 (Solanum tuberosum multiprotein bridging factor 1) is a plant member of the MBF1 family of transcriptional co-activators. In an attempt to understand the role of StMBF1, we analyzed its interaction with plant transcription factors of the homeodomain-leucine zipper (Hd-Zip) family, a group of proteins with a typical leucine zipper motif adjacent to a homeodomain. StMBF1 is able to interact in vitro with the Hd-Zip protein Hahb-4 both in the presence and absence of DNA. Upon binding, StMBF1 increases the DNA binding affinity of Hahb-4, and of another plant homeodomain containing protein from the GL2/Hd-Zip IV family, HAHR-1. The biological role of interactions is discussed in this paper.

Isolation and characterization of a potato cDNA corresponding to a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene differentially activated by stress.

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase enzyme catalyses the final step in ethylene biosynthesis, converting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene. A cDNA clone encoding an ACC oxidase, ST-ACO3, was isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by differential screening of a Fusarium eumartii infected-tuber cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited similarity to other ACC oxidase proteins from several plants species. Northern blot analysis revealed that the ST-ACO3 mRNA level increased in potato tubers upon inoculation with F. eumartii, as well as after treatment with salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid, suggesting a cross-talk between different signalling pathways involved in the defence response of potato tubers against F. eumartii attack.

Identification of a putative Solanum tuberosum transcriptional coactivator up-regulated in potato tubers by Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii infection and wounding.

Coadaptors or coactivators are a new class of transcription factors capable of interconnecting a regulator DNA-binding protein with a component of the basal transcription machinery allowing transcriptional activation to proceed. We report the identification of a novel Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum putative transcription coactivator, named StMBF1 (Solanum tuberosum multiprotein bridging factor 1). The StMBF1 cDNA was isolated from a Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii-infected potato tuber cDNA library, using a differential screening approach. StMBF1 is up-regulated during fungal attack as well as on wounding. A Fusarium elicitor source and ethylene precursor and salicylic acid also regulate StMBF1 expression. The precise role of StMBF1 during the plant response against environmental stresses remains to be elucidated.

Resistencia compresiva del reborde marginal en la técnica de tunelización / Compressive resistance of the marginal ridge in tunel restorations

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, de diseño experimental. Su objetivo principal fue cuantificar la resistencia ante fuerzas compresivas de reborde marginal en las técnicas de tunelización horizontal y vertical, en molares permanentes, con el fin de reconocer qué técnica brinda mayor resistencia a la fractura del reborde. La muestra consisitió en 70 molares (35 superiores y 35 ingeriores) permanentes sanos o con caries incipientes en oclusal o proximal, que fueron divididos en 7 grupos de 10, cada uno así: técnica de tunelización vertical, obturados con amalgama; tunelización vertical, obturados con resina. Las fuerzas fueron aplicadas por medio de un dinamómetro tipo instron. La información se analizó a través de T de Student y análisis de varianza ANOVA. El estudio concluyó que los molares con tunelizafción horizontal y obturación en amalgama presentó una mayor resistencia a la fractura del reborde marginal, seguidos en orden descendente por aquellos con tunemlización vertical y obturación con resina, clase II convencional más obturación con amalgama.