Nitro-PAHs: Occurrences, ecological consequences, and remediation strategies for environmental restoration.

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are persistent pollutants that have been introduced into the environment as a result of human activities. They are produced when PAHs undergo oxidation and are highly resistant to degradation, resulting in prolonged exposure and significant health risks for wildlife and humans. Nitro-PAHs' potential to induce cancer and mutations has raised concerns about their harmful effects. Furthermore, their ability to accumulate in the food chain seriously threatens the ecosystem and human health. Moreover, nitro-PAHs can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, leading to reproductive and developmental problems in humans and other organisms. Reducing nitro-PAHs in the environment through source management, physical removal, and chemical treatment is essential to mitigate the associated environmental and human health risks. Recent studies have focused on improving nitro-PAHs' phytoremediation by incorporating microorganisms and biostimulants. Microbes can break down nitro-PAHs into less harmful substances, while biostimulants can enhance plant growth and metabolic activity. By combining these elements, the effectiveness of phytoremediation for nitro-PAHs can be increased. This study aimed to investigate the impact of introducing microbial and biostimulant agents on the phytoremediation process for nitro-PAHs and identify potential solutions for addressing the environmental risks associated with these pollutants.

Microbial Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and their Application.

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticles play a very important role in our daily lives and have a wide range of applications in agriculture and biology, such as antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. Among them are gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that are highly complex and are widely used. In recent years gold nanoparticles have attracted much attention because of their optical properties, electronic, physicochemical, and surface Plasmon resonance (SPR). Gold plated nanoparticles, similar to metal nanoparticles, have many unusual chemical and physical properties due to the effects of their quantum size and location compared to other iron or metal atoms. Gold nanoparticles can be used in pharmaceutical products such as antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents, targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, biosensors, biocatalysis, bioremediation modification of toxic chemicals exposing the soil and atmosphere, dye reduction, etc. Yet such methods are expensive and out of harmony with nature. In that account, the microbes-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles recently changed rapidly when pure microbes becoming ac-friendly, non-toxic, and biocompatible as physiological and chemical methods. This document aims to review the progress made in recent years with the fusion of gold nanoparticles. The microbial source includes bacteria, algae fungi. These works motivate people how to apply and synthesize gold nanoparticles. This review also focuses on the process of classification of gold nanoparticles, structures, and their use in the development of various requirements. OBJECTIVE: The main goal is to study gold nanoparticles and their application in the future. METHODS: We studied different research papers, reviewed papers from "Google Scholar", "NCBI", "PubMed", "Science Direct" made. CONCLUSION: Metal nanoparticles are suitable for many emerging technologies. Understanding the microorganisms found in nature because the fusion of gold nanoparticles is required.