Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) of a toddler initially presenting with fever and pyuria.

We report a case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in an East Asian toddler. He presented with a 2-day history of fever and pyuria, 5 weeks before that he had recovered from COVID-19. He was initially treated as urinary tract infection. On day 5 of fever, he was noted to have bilateral non-suppurative limbus-sparing conjunctivitis, red and cracked lips and erythematous extremities. Investigations showed raised inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), thrombocytopenia and a markedly elevated NT-proBNP. He received prompt and appropriate treatment inpatient; however, he still had mild coronary abnormalities at 9 months postdischarge. The aim of this paper is to describe the initial presentation and progress of a case of MIS-C. The unique features of this case are his initial presentation of pyuria and notably, his demography (young age, East Asian) which is more typical of Kawasaki disease than MIS-C.

A 5-year community program in Singapore to prevent cognitive decline.

INTRODUCTION: There is a scarcity of naturalistic follow-up studies on cognitive stimulating activities (CSAs), particularly in a real-world setting and over long-term. We thus investigated a pooled novel CSA intervention to prevent cognitive decline amongst community-dwelling older adults without dementia. METHODS: Nested within a community-based longitudinal follow-up cohort study of community-dwelling and multi-ethnic older adults (N = 991), a subset of the cohort (n = 264) underwent four single-blinded randomized controlled trials involving four novel CSAs, including mindfulness, horticulture, art therapy, and choral singing. At the cohort's 5-year follow-up, we examined if involvements in the CSAs improved cognition, compared to controls (n = 727). The primary outcomes were changes in global cognition and specific cognitive domain scores measured by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Exploratory subgroup analyses stratified by baseline cognitive status and the number of CSAs were also conducted. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, there was a small improvement in the CSA group on the total MMSE score (d = 0.108) and MMSE-immediate recall score (d = 0.199). Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed medium effect sizes of improvements (d = 0.420) in cognitive domains in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (vs. cognitively healthy) and those involved in two CSAs (vs. one CSA). DISCUSSION: In summary, a CSA intervention improved cognition. MCI and those involved in two CSAs gained greater benefits from the CSAs. These sustained improvements in cognitive functions could have a significant impact on delaying or preventing dementia.

Evolution of paediatric eating disorders in Singapore: a historical cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Most eating disorders (EDs) develop during adolescence, impacting a critical period of development. There is limited research on EDs in children in Singapore or the rest of South-East (SE) Asia. DESIGN: We analysed a hospital-based cohort of paediatric patients (≤18 years) with EDs (n=177) in Singapore between 2011 and 2021. Historical trends, over three decades, were obtained by comparison with two previously published Singapore studies. RESULTS: Of the 177 patients, the majority 158 (89%) were females, with anorexia nervosa (AN) 151 (85%). The mean age at diagnosis was 14.6 (SD 1.8) years. For AN, the mean duration of illness before diagnosis was 8.3 (SD 6.3) months and this has decreased by 8.4 months (95% CI 4.5 to 12.3 months, p=<0.0001) from the 2003 to 2010 cohort, and 17.7 months (95% CI 12.6 to 22.8 months, p=<0.0001) from the 1994 to 2002 cohort. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) cases are increasing, and the clinical profile differs from other EDs. Since family-based therapy (FBT) was introduced for patients with AN, the remission rate at 1 year improved from 30% to 79%, and time to remission has decreased from 16 to 7.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: AN is the most common ED in paediatric patients in Singapore. Over the past three decades, EDs are being diagnosed earlier. FBT has emerged as the most effective treatment for AN. ARFID is being diagnosed more frequently. Data suggest that EDs are prevalent and increasing among adolescents in SE Asia. Singapore is a good test case for SE Asia, but research and attention to the problem in the region is needed.

Mindfulness Awareness Practice (MAP) to Prevent Dementia in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial and Implementation Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: With an aging population, developing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) to delay dementia has become critical. Apart from cognitive decline, dementia is associated with multiple pathophysiology, including increased oxidative stress, dysregulated gene expressions, cytokine, neurotrophin, and stress markers, telomere shortening, and deteriorations in brain connectivity. Although mindfulness practices have been proposed to ameliorate these biological changes, no empirical studies were conducted. We thus aimed to investigate the effects of mindfulness awareness practice (MAP) to prevent cognitive decline and improve peripheral biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS/DESIGN: This was a single-blinded and parallel-group randomized controlled trial with two arms (intervention and active control arms), conducted over nine months. A total of 60 consenting community-dwelling older adults diagnosed with MCI were planned to be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the MAP or the Health Education Program (HEP). Interventions were performed weekly for the initial 12 weeks, and monthly for the subsequent six months. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline, 3-month, and 9-month post-intervention by blinded assessors. Primary outcomes were neurocognitive tests, comprehensive peripheral biomarkers, and brain imaging scans. Secondary outcomes included basic health screening measures, affective symptoms, and measures of physical functions. Linear-mixed models were used to examine the effects of MAP on these outcome measures. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first randomized controlled trial to systematically investigate the effects of a mindfulness intervention in improving cognitive functions and various biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults diagnosed with MCI. Our findings have the potential to inform mindfulness intervention as a novel approach to delay dementia.

Experience from a Multi-Disciplinary Team Against COVID-19: A Healthcare Perspective.

Globally, the capacity of healthcare systems across continents has been strained and put to the test with the emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The timely need to ensure the availability of healthcare facilities to isolate and manage the surge in COVID-19 cases without overwhelming existing hospital capacity has posed challenges in many countries. In this paper, we discuss the conceptualisation, preparations and operationalisation of a community healthcare facility that was set up within a short time frame to attend to the convalescent needs of a large number of COVID-19 patients in the early phase of handling the pandemic. In the first month of operations, we monitored a total of 2129 clinical encounters, with the majority of patients between 17-35 years of age and between day 2 to day 6 of illness upon admission. Overall, there was a good outcome for the patients, with only 2.3% requiring transfer back to restructured hospitals. There was also no mortality. We hope that the sharing of our experiences of the challenges and learning lessons gleaned may be useful to guide individuals in planning for the future preparedness of healthcare systems in managing pandemics.

Ageing in Asia: Beyond the Astana Declaration Towards Financing Long-term Care for All Comment on "Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan".

The Astana Declaration on primary healthcare in 2018 was the attempt to revive the ideals of the World Health Organization (WHO) Alma-Ata Declaration 40 years later, together with a call for the political will to provide adequate financing at acceptable quality of care. This approach is taken to achieve the past ideals of Health for All, given the new challenges of universal health coverage. The economic case for primary healthcare is justified against the growing demand due in part to the growing costs of chronic conditions and the rise of ageing population, other than the supply-side factors of the healthcare industry. Past healthcare systems have evolved greater roles of the state versus the market, but few have involved the Third Sector or civil society in more integrated ways to provide and finance long-term care (LTC) with population ageing. From the extremes of the communist state to capitalist free markets, an optimal public-private system has to reach a balance in access, cost and quality for health and LTC. Recent studies of health and LTC have distilled newer developments in public-private mixes of provision, financing and regulation, in response to the needs of fast-ageing Asian societies. While Japan was the oldest country in the world, other countries in Asia have caught up and are now acknowledged where innovative models of integrated eldercare under economic limits, hold great promise of their transferability to the rest of ageing societies. Besides other forms of integrated LTC delivery with traditional systems, newer forms of financing like savings funds and superannuation have been developed, with participation from government, industry and civil society. There is much to learn from the new Asian models of financing, using appropriate technology and social innovations, and integrating health and social systems for LTC.

The Art of Remediating Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Art Therapy Enhances Cognition and Increases Cortical Thickness in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research on art therapy (AT) in cognitive aging has been lacking. AT can potentially engender significant cognitive gains, due to its rigorous cognitive involvement, making it useful to tackle age-related cognitive decline. Along with these cognitive gains, associated neuroplastic changes are hypothesized to arise from AT as well. The current intervention examined the effects of an AT intervention on cognitive outcomes and cortical thickness (CT) among participants with mild cognitive impairment. METHOD: Participants were assigned to AT (n = 22) and an active control group (n = 27). In both, weekly 45-min sessions were carried out across 3 months. Cognitive assessments and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were carried out at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Whole brain analyses on CT were carried out. Cognitive outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical linear models. RESULTS: Significant gains in immediate memory and working memory span were observed in the AT group, relative to the control group. Significantly increased CT in the AT group, relative to controls, was observed in a right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) cluster. Furthermore, CT changes in this cluster were significantly and positively correlated with changes in immediate memory. CONCLUSION: These findings highlighted the role of MFG neuroplasticity in enhancing certain cognitive functions in AT. AT is a neuroplastic intervention capable of engendering significant cognitive gains and associated cortical changes in the context of age-related cognitive decline, even when executed as a low-intensity intervention across 3 months. Given the preliminary nature of these findings, future larger sampled studies are needed.

Effects of choral singing versus health education on cognitive decline and aging: a randomized controlled trial.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine choral singing's effect on cognitive decline in aging. Older Singaporeans who were at high risk of future dementia were recruited: 47 were assigned to choral singing intervention (CSI) and 46 were assigned to health education program (HEP). Participants attended weekly one-hour choral singing or weekly one-hour health education for two years. Change in cognitive function was measured by a composite cognitive test score (CCTS) derived from raw scores of neuropsychological tests; biomarkers included brain magnetic resonance imaging, oxidative damage and immunosenescence. The average age of the participants were 70 years and 73/93 (78.5%) were female. The change of CCTS from baseline to 24 months was 0.05 among participants in the CSI group and -0.1 among participants in the HEP group. The between-group difference (0.15, p=0.042) became smaller (0.12, p=0.09) after adjusting for baseline CCTS. No between-group differences on biomarkers were observed. Our data support the role of choral singing in improving cognitive health in aging. The beneficial effect is at least comparable than that of health education in preventing cognitive decline in a community of elderly people. Biological mechanisms underlying the observed efficacy should be further studied.

Mindfulness improves inflammatory biomarker levels in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.

Few randomized controlled trials investigated the effects of mindfulness intervention on older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, there have been hypotheses and theoretical mechanisms on the benefits of mindfulness intervention on biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and neuroplasticity implicated in MCI that warrant empirical evidence. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial to examine whether Mindful Awareness Practice (MAP) improved biomarker levels in older adults with MCI. Fifty-five community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above were randomized into either the treatment arm, MAP, or the active control arm, the health education program (HEP). Researchers who were blinded to treatment allocation assessed the outcomes at baseline, 3-month, and 9-month follow-ups. Linear-mixed models were used to examine the effect of MAP on biomarker levels. MAP participants had significantly decreased high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels at 9-month (ß = -0.307, 95% CI = -0.559 to -0.054 P = 0.018). Exploratory sub-group analyses by sex showed significantly decreased hs-CRP in females only (ß = -0.445, 95% CI = -0.700 to -0.189, P = 0.001), while stratification by MCI subtype showed hs-CRP decreased only in amnestic-MCI (aMCI) (ß = -0.569, 95% CI = -1.000 to -0.133, P = 0.012). Although total sample analyses were not significant, males had significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-6 (ß = -1.001, 95% CI = -1.761 to -0253, P = 0.011) and IL-1ß (ß = -0.607, 95% CI = -1.116 to -0.100, P = 0.021) levels at 3-month and non-significant improvements at 9-month time-point. MAP improved inflammatory biomarkers in sex- and MCI subtype-specific manners. These preliminary findings suggest the potential of mindfulness intervention as a self-directed and low-cost preventive intervention in improving pathophysiology implicated in MCI.

Barriers to smoking cessation: a qualitative study from the perspective of primary care in Malaysia.

OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study aims to construct a model of the barriers to smoking cessation in the primary care setting. DESIGN: Individual in-depth, semistructured interviews were audio-taped, then verbatim transcribed and translated when necessary. The data were first independently coded and then collectively discussed for emergent themes using the Straussian grounded theory method. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Fifty-seven current smokers were recruited from a previous smoking related study carried out in a primary care setting in Malaysia. Current smokers with at least one failed quit attempts were included. RESULTS: A five-theme model emerged from this grounded theory method. (1) Personal and lifestyle factors: participants were unable to resist the temptation to smoke; (2) Nicotine addiction: withdrawal symptoms could not be overcome; (3) Social cultural norms: participants identified accepting cigarettes from friends as a token of friendship to be problematic; (4) Misconception: perception among smokers that ability to quit was solely based on one's ability to achieve mind control, and perception that stopping smoking will harm the body and (5) Failed assisted smoking cessation: smoking cessation services were not felt to be user-friendly and were poorly understood. The themes were organised into five concentric circles based on time frame: those actionable in the short term (themes 1 and 2) and the long term (themes 3, 4, 5). CONCLUSIONS: Five themes of specific beliefs and practices prevented smokers from quitting. Clinicians need to work on these barriers, which can be guided by the recommended time frames to help patients to succeed in smoking cessation.

Family-based therapy for anorexia nervosa: results from a 7-year longitudinal Singapore study.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of Family-Based Therapy (FBT) as a treatment for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in adolescents in a Singaporean cohort. FBT has proven effective in studies in the West, but no such study has been done in Asia. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a hospital-based cohort, which included all paediatric patients (≤ 18-years) with AN treated at a tertiary hospital in Singapore between 2011 and 2017 (n = 119). The patients either received manualised FBT (n = 42) or individualized adolescent focussed therapy (non-FBT) (n = 77). Patient characteristics and time to remission were abstracted from patient records. Survival analysis was used to determine median time to remission and remission-free survival rates. Hazard ratios for remission were obtained by cox regression. RESULTS: Patients in the non-FBT group had a significantly longer time to remission compared with the FBT group after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, psychiatric comorbidity, and ethnicity (p = 0.003, HR = 2.523, 95% CI 1.37-4.64). In the FBT group, the median time to remission was 5.0 months (95% CI 3.4-6.6 months); 11 months shorter than the non-FBT group (p < 0.001, 95% CI 7.9-14.1 months). FBT group remission rates were 69% and 90% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Non-FBT group remission rates were 30% and 57% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that FBT is an effective treatment strategy for AN in adolescents in the Asian context. FBT can shorten the illness duration, which reduces disruption to schooling and family life at this critical life stage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, evidence obtained from retrospective review of data before and after the introduction of new intervention.

Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Choral Singing Intervention to Prevent Cognitive Decline in At-Risk Older Adults Living in the Community.

Introduction: This study is a parallel-arm randomized controlled trial evaluating choral singing's efficacy and underlying mechanisms in preventing cognitive decline in at-risk older participants. Methods: Three-hundred and sixty community-dwelling, non-demented older participants are recruited for a 2-year intervention. Inclusion criteria are self-reported cognitive complaints, early cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological test scores or multiple risk factors of dementia. Participants are randomized to either weekly choral singing sessions or general health education. The primary outcome is cognitive performance, measured by a composite cognitive test score (CCTS). Secondary outcomes include depression, anxiety and neuropsychiatric symptoms; perceived stress; sleep quality and severity of dementia symptoms. Underlying mechanisms are examined using blood- and urine-based biomarkers and neuroimaging. Results: Screening began in July 2016. The first group of participants (n = 93) have been recruited. Intervention and control treatments are ongoing and will end in December 2019. Discussion: An evidence-based singing intervention for dementia prevention holds potential for healthcare savings and societal welfare. Trial Registration: NCT02919748, IRB Approval Number: NUS 2508.

Outcome predictors in elderly head and neck free flap reconstruction: A retrospective study and systematic review of the current evidence.

Free flap tissue transfer has become the gold standard for reconstruction of composite head and neck defects. We sought to investigate the efficacy and morbidity of these procedures in the elderly. We retrospectively reviewed 245 head and neck free flap procedures (234 patients). Patients were stratified by age group (≥ or <65 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the following primary outcomes - free flap survival, postoperative medical and surgical complications and 30-day mortality. We found that free flap success and surgical complication rates were similar between the two age groups. Overall flap success and perioperative mortality rates were 94.3% and 2.1% respectively. Medical complications were significantly more common in the elderly group (p <0.001) and this correlated with comorbidity (OR = 2.81, p = 0.044) and advanced tumour stage (OR = 10.20, p= 0.029). Age was not independently associated with poor outcomes in our cohort. We then performed a systematic review of similar case-control studies worldwide and compared their findings with our results. We conclude that advanced age does not preclude free flap success in head and neck reconstruction. Rather, the presence of comorbidity appears to predict the development of medical complications postoperatively. Elderly patients with low comorbidity scores may be offered free flap reconstruction with less reservation.

MEDICAL ETHICS IN THE CONTEXT OF VACCINATIONS

Prevention of disease is one of the key functions ofprimary care. Vaccines have earned their place inpreventing communicable diseases. The rate of uptake ofvaccines does not always match with knowledge.There are barriers which the healthcare professionalsneed to address. In the new era of IT, innovation andpolicy change, many ideas can be pursued to improvevaccination uptake in the community.There is a group of our population who will need ourspecial attention to vaccinate. They are the healthcareworkers, caregivers, the foreign domestic helpers, theimmunocompromised, and the pregnant mothers.There are many areas we need to work on to improve ourvaccination rate. Primary Care Research will provide theevidence and guide the refinement of these programmes.

Legal medicine: assessing mental capacity and writing medical reports for deputy applications.

Medical reports are required to support court applications to appoint a deputy to make decisions on behalf of a person who has lost mental capacity. The doctor writing such a medical report needs to be able to systematically assess the mental capacity of the person in question, in order to gather the necessary evidence for the court to make a decision. If the medical report is not adequate, the application will be rejected and the appointment of the deputy delayed. This article sets out best practices for performing the assessment and writing the medical report, common errors, and issues of concern.

Using the SBAR4 model for Management of a Patient with Complex Comorbidites in the Nursing home - A case study

Singapore faces a rapidly ageing population. By 2030, 19 percent of the population will be aged 65 years and older. The rise of the dual-income family, the decline of extended families, as well as the increase in age-related degenerative disorders consequent to increased expectancy of life, create challenging situations. Families which are manpower and expertise challenged will find it difficult to look after their elderly infirm at home, especially if the elderly members are frail, functionally dependent, and prone to falls. Such families will increasingly look to the nursing home as solutions. To aid in allocation to nursing homes, elderly patients are classified into 4 categories by the Resident Assessment Form: Category I patients are physically and mentally independent; Category II patients are semi-ambulant; Category III patients are wheelchair-bound or bed-bound; and Category IV are highly dependent. Categories I and II are primarily admitted to sheltered homes, while the limited nursing home places are mainly reserved for Category III and IV patients. The SBAR4 Tool is useful for clerking nursing home placement applications for placement decisions; for admission clerking; and for follow-up assessments and interventions. A case study of a patient who became bed-bound after hospitalisation for pneumonia due to deconditioning is used to illustrate the use of the SBAR4 Tool in a patient admitted to a nursing home, in implementation of recommendations, and in follow-up review of this patient a year later.