Social reintegration of cisgender and transgender women post-incarceration in Brazil: policies and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Social reintegration relies on the support given to prisoners not only during their reentry into society but also throughout their imprisonment. Our goal was to analyze the expectations reported by cisgender and transgender women returning to society and of the justice and social welfare professionals from the Brazilian prison system. METHODS: A qualitative analysis using saturation sampling was conducted. The participants were selected through a non-probabilistic sampling technique. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with professionals involved in the management of the prison system and female former inmates. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using an open and focused coding process. Textual data was stored, organized, and coded using Atlas software according to emerging themes. RESULTS: The study involved 15 professionals and 13 female former inmates, five of them identified as transgender women. Among the professionals, the age range went from 38 to 65 years old; they reported a work history in their respective fields, from 10 to 35 years, with an equal distribution across genders. As for the female former inmates, their ages ranged from 24 to 42 years old, and the most reported crime was drug trafficking. Their incarceration time varied from 1 to 8 years. Female inmates were vulnerable to abuse and violence, including physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Women in situations of prior vulnerability faced additional challenges during their sentences. Transgender women were even more neglected and discriminated against by the system. Despite the professionals being aware and concerned about vulnerabilities and the need to improve the reintegration process, in general, they were not sensitive to the gender perspective. There were no specific policies able to support social integration for this public. CONCLUSIONS: Data showed multifaceted challenges faced by female former inmates within the Brazilian prison system, highlighting the insufficient policies for both cisgender and transgender women. Additionally, the results revealed a lack of sensitivity among professionals regarding gender issues and their particularities in the prison system and social reintegration. These findings emphasize the need for a more comprehensive and intersectional approach that addresses the diverse socio-economic backgrounds of these individuals.

Programas de reinserção social para egressos do sistema prisional no Brasil: há um olhar para o recorte de gênero? / Social reintegration programs for former inmates in Brazil: is there a gender perspective?

Resumo Com o aumento do número de mulheres privadas de liberdade em todo o mundo, a importância da implantação de estratégias específicas que devem ser aplicadas ao suporte oferecido a essas mulheres são importantes medidas sociais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a oferta dos recursos para a reinserção social de egressos do sistema prisional brasileiro, com o recorte de gênero. A proposta é realizar uma análise documental sobre estratégias governamentais e não governamentais direcionadas para este público, com recorte de gênero, por meio de uma matriz analítica pelo período compreendido entre 2020 e 2021. Os resultados mostram que há no país diversos programas voltados à reinserção social de egressos do sistema prisional, entretanto poucos apresentam um recorte de gênero. O tema reinserção social e sistema prisional foi identificado em 84 notícias em sítios dos organismos governamentais visitados, sendo 20 federais e 64 estaduais. Em 11 organismos internacionais atuando no Brasil e em 12 ONGs, somente seis apresentaram recorte de gênero. O desafio do sistema penitenciário brasileiro é incluir a abordagem de cidadania e dignidade humana no sistema prisional, incluindo uma abordagem da questão de gênero.

Abstract With the increasing number of women deprived of liberty worldwide, implementing specific strategies that should be applied to the support offered to these women are essential social measures. This study aims to analyze the supply of resources for the social reintegration of former inmates of the Brazilian prison system from a gender perspective. We propose to conduct a documentary analysis on governmental and non-governmental strategies aimed at this audience, with a gender perspective, through an analytical matrix for the 2020-2021 period. The results show several programs in the country aimed at the social reintegration of former prisoners; however, few have a gender perspective. The theme of social reintegration and the prison system was identified in 84 news items on government agencies' websites, 20 of which were federal and 64 state, in 11 international organizations operating in Brazil, and 12 NGOs. Only six had a gender profile. The challenge for the Brazilian penitentiary system is to introduce the citizenship and human dignity approach in the prison system, including an approach to the gender issue.

Social reintegration programs for former inmates in Brazil: is there a gender perspective? / Programas de reinserção social para egressos do sistema prisional no Brasil: há um olhar para o recorte de gênero?

With the increasing number of women deprived of liberty worldwide, implementing specific strategies that should be applied to the support offered to these women are essential social measures. This study aims to analyze the supply of resources for the social reintegration of former inmates of the Brazilian prison system from a gender perspective. We propose to conduct a documentary analysis on governmental and non-governmental strategies aimed at this audience, with a gender perspective, through an analytical matrix for the 2020-2021 period. The results show several programs in the country aimed at the social reintegration of former prisoners; however, few have a gender perspective. The theme of social reintegration and the prison system was identified in 84 news items on government agencies' websites, 20 of which were federal and 64 state, in 11 international organizations operating in Brazil, and 12 NGOs. Only six had a gender profile. The challenge for the Brazilian penitentiary system is to introduce the citizenship and human dignity approach in the prison system, including an approach to the gender issue.

Com o aumento do número de mulheres privadas de liberdade em todo o mundo, a importância da implantação de estratégias específicas que devem ser aplicadas ao suporte oferecido a essas mulheres são importantes medidas sociais. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a oferta dos recursos para a reinserção social de egressos do sistema prisional brasileiro, com o recorte de gênero. A proposta é realizar uma análise documental sobre estratégias governamentais e não governamentais direcionadas para este público, com recorte de gênero, por meio de uma matriz analítica pelo período compreendido entre 2020 e 2021. Os resultados mostram que há no país diversos programas voltados à reinserção social de egressos do sistema prisional, entretanto poucos apresentam um recorte de gênero. O tema reinserção social e sistema prisional foi identificado em 84 notícias em sítios dos organismos governamentais visitados, sendo 20 federais e 64 estaduais. Em 11 organismos internacionais atuando no Brasil e em 12 ONGs, somente seis apresentaram recorte de gênero. O desafio do sistema penitenciário brasileiro é incluir a abordagem de cidadania e dignidade humana no sistema prisional, incluindo uma abordagem da questão de gênero.

Imigração, refúgio e saúde: perspectivas de análise sociocultural / Immigration, refuge and health: sociocultural analysis in perspective

Resumo Os recentes processos migratórios internacionais ocorridos no Brasil se apresentam como um campo de estudo para as ciências sociais e humanas em saúde. Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os processos de inclusão de imigrantes e refugiados pelas instituições de saúde, considerando o campo de debates das ciências sociais e humanas em Saúde e o comprometimento dessa área com os direitos humanos. Inicialmente, são apresentadas características contemporâneas das migrações internacionais, incluindo a situação brasileira. Em seguida, são descritas algumas pesquisas e práticas sobre concepções de saúde, doenças e cuidados com imigrantes e, por fim, propomos um debate acerca de alguns conceitos antropológicos que podem contribuir para uma abordagem menos estereotipada dos processos de inclusão nas instituições de saúde nacionais. Pretendemos apresentar uma perspectiva das ciências sociais e humanas em saúde em um horizonte teórico articulado com práticas em saúde que, de certa forma, podem contribuir para a formulação de conceitos, explicações e orientações no plano das políticas públicas com essas populações.

Abstract The international migratory processes that are recently occurring in Brazil are a field of study for Health Social and Human Sciences. This article aims to reflect on immigrants and refugees processes of inclusion by health institutions, considering the discussion possibilities of Health Social and Human Sciences and the commitment of this area to Human Rights. Initially, contemporary characteristics of international migrations are presented, including the Brazilian situation. Some researches and practices about conceptions of health, illness and care with immigrants are described below, and, finally, we propose a debate on some anthropological concepts that can contribute to create a less stereotyped approach in the processes of inclusion in national health institutions. We intend to present a perspective of Health Social and Human Sciences within a theoretical horizon that is articulated with health practices that can somehow contribute to the formulation of concepts, explanations and guidelines in public policies to these populations.

[Health workers' place in studies on international migratory processes and health]. / O lugar dos trabalhadores de saúde nas pesquisas sobre processos migratórios internacionais e saúde.

Studies on the health-disease-healthcare process in immigrants settled in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, have revealed a complex web of relations in the demands by immigrants and the actions conceived and planned by health services. In this context, intermediation by health workers in the relationship between immigrants and researchers has constituted an important form of access by the latter to South American immigrants, especially Bolivians. During research, access to immigrants occurs within the context of health actions, facilitating the researchers' access to immigrants' homes, workplaces, and even associations. Understanding the processes of illness in immigrants within the complex web of relations among institutional health workers in organizational spaces shaped by models of thinking based on biomedicine led us to problematize the possibilities for an approach to subjects that comprise this universe.

O lugar dos trabalhadores de saúde nas pesquisas sobre processos migratórios internacionais e saúde / Health workers' place in studies on international migratory processes and health / El lugar de los trabajadores de salud en las investigaciones sobre procesos migratorios internacionales y salud

Resumo: Estudos sobre o processo saúde-doença-cuidados de imigrantes estabelecidos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, têm evidenciado uma complexa trama de relações nas demandas dos imigrantes e nas ações concebidas e planejadas pelos serviços de saúde. Nesse contexto, a intermediação dos trabalhadores da saúde na relação imigrantes-investigadores constitui importante forma de acesso dos últimos aos imigrantes sul-americanos, especialmente os bolivianos. Durante as investigações o acesso aos imigrantes ocorre dentro dos contextos das ações em saúde, facilitando aos pesquisadores o acesso às residências dos imigrantes, seus locais de trabalho ou mesmo organizações associativas. A compreensão dos processos de adoecimento dos imigrantes, dentro da complexa trama de relações entre trabalhadores institucionalizados em espaços organizacionais configurados por modelos de pensamento fundados na biomedicina, conduz-nos a problematizar sobre as possibilidades de aproximação junto aos sujeitos que compõem tal universo.

Abstract: Studies on the health-disease-healthcare process in immigrants settled in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, have revealed a complex web of relations in the demands by immigrants and the actions conceived and planned by health services. In this context, intermediation by health workers in the relationship between immigrants and researchers has constituted an important form of access by the latter to South American immigrants, especially Bolivians. During research, access to immigrants occurs within the context of health actions, facilitating the researchers' access to immigrants' homes, workplaces, and even associations. Understanding the processes of illness in immigrants within the complex web of relations among institutional health workers in organizational spaces shaped by models of thinking based on biomedicine led us to problematize the possibilities for an approach to subjects that comprise this universe.

Resumen: Los estudios sobre el proceso salud-enfermedad-cuidados de inmigrantes, establecidos en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil, han evidenciado una compleja trama de relaciones en las demandas de los inmigrantes y en las acciones concebidas y planeadas por los servicios de salud. En ese contexto, la intermediación de los trabajadores de la salud en la relación inmigrantes-investigadores constituye una importante forma de acceso de los últimos a los inmigrantes sudamericanos, especialmente los bolivianos. Durante las investigaciones, el acceso a los inmigrantes se produce dentro de los contextos de las acciones en salud, facilitando a los investigadores el acceso a las residencias de los inmigrantes, sus lugares de trabajo o incluso asociaciones. La comprensión de los procesos de enfermedad de los inmigrantes, dentro de la compleja trama de relaciones entre trabajadores institucionalizados en espacios organizativos configurados por modelos de pensamiento, fundados en la biomedicina, nos conduce a problematizar las posibilidades de aproximación junto a los sujetos que componen tal universo.

Desigualdad social, condiciones de acceso a la salud pública y procesos de atención en inmigrantes bolivianos de Buenos Aires y São Paulo: una indagación comparativa / Social inequality, access conditions to public health care and processes of care in bolivian immigrants in Buenos Aires and São Paulo: a comparative inquiry

Este trabajo es fruto de una incipiente relación de colaboración, intercambio y producción conjunta comenzada en forma reciente entre las instituciones y equipos de docencia e investigación de pertenencia en nuestros países. Parte de las respectivas investigaciones y tareas de intervención que venimos realizando desde hace un tiempo en torno al fenómeno de la inmigración boliviana, tanto en Buenos Aires como en São Paulo, y los procesos de inserción sociolaboral de estos inmigrantes en relación a su situación de salud, focalizando en los procesos de atención que desarrollan frente a los padecimientos que sufren en el contexto sociosanitario de destino. Se presenta una indagación en clave comparativa que busca establecer una primera aproximación al análisis sobre las semejanzas y diferencias entre ambos casos de estudio, como aporte a la necesidad de un abordaje del problema de investigación en toda su complejidad, desde una perspectiva sociocultural y a nivel de la salud pública regional.

Un abordaje comparativo en torno a la incidencia De la tuberculosis en inmigrantes bolivianos de Buenos Aires y São Paulo

Este trabajo expone de manera exploratoria y desde una perspectiva sociosanitaria regional, en clave comparativa, algunas dimensiones de análisis en torno a la incidencia de la tuberculosis en inmigrantes bolivianos de las ciudades de Buenos Aires y São Paulo. En ambos casos, se trata de un padecimiento ligado a sus modos de vida y de trabajo precarios en talleres textiles clandestinos. Sumado a lo anterior, la falta de documentación en regla, las dificultades de acceso a la atención sanitaria pública y el sufrimiento social experimentado, potencian la situación de vulnerabilidad social de estas personas; aumentando los riesgos de infectarse y desarrollar la enfermedad.(AU)

This paper presents an exploratory comparative approach of some dimensions of analysis among the incidence of tuberculosis in Bolivian immigrants of Buenos Aires and São Paulo cities, based on a sociosanitary and regional perspective. In both contexts, tuberculosis is linked to migrant’s life styles and precarious working conditions in clandestine textile workshops. In addition, their lack of documentation, their problems to access to public health care and the social suffering they experience, jointly deepen Bolivian immigrants social vulnerability. Infection risks arethus increased.(AU)

Relevancia de factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis: un abordaje etnográfico desde la antropología médica / Relevance of sociocultural factors in the health care process on patients with tuberculosis: an ethnographic approach from medical anthropology

INTRODUCCION: Este proyecto dio continuidad a la investigación desarrollada durante 2009, con el sentido de avanzar y profundizar en el conocimiento del problema de estudio a partir de los resultados obtenidos.OBJETIVO: Analizar la relevancia que tienen los factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis (TBC) usuarios del Instituto Vaccarezza-Hospital Muñiz (Buenos Aires).METODOS: Se aplicó un enfoque etnográfico focalizado en dos líneas principales: 1) trabajo de campo, con las estrategias de investigación basadas en observaciones de campo, entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión; 2) trabajo con fuentes secundarias.RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con el estudio, los inmigrantes bolivianos de ambos sexos que vivieron y trabajaron en talleres textiles clandestinos del Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires se encuentran entre los grupos socioculturales más vulnerables a la infección y desarrollo de esta enfermedad, y entre lo más vulnerados en su derecho a la atención sanitaria pública gratuita.CONCLUSIONES: Las desigualdades sociales se traducen en desigualdades en salud, no solo por los indicadores, sino también respecto al acceso a los servicios públicos, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. La salud no es un hecho técnico, sino sociocultural, político y contextual. La información estadística sobre mortalidad y morbilidad de TBC produce un conocimiento epidemiológico general que no logra identificar a los sectores más vulnerables (como el caso de los trabajadores inmigrantes bolivianos en los talleres textiles clandestinos). Por lo tanto, es importante que enfermedades como la TBC sean abordadas desde enfoques alternativos a los de la Clínica y la Epidemiología, y se analicen desde la perspectiva antropológica-médica del padecimiento.

INTRODUCTION: This project continued the research conducted during 2009, with the goal of widening and deepening the knowledge of the problem.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relevance of socio-cultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis (TB) at Vaccarezza Institute-Hospital Muñiz (Buenos Aires).METHODS: An ethnographic approach was applied, based on: 1) field work analysis with field observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups, 2) analysis of secondary sources.RESULTS: According to the study, Bolivian immigrants of both sexes having lived and worked in clandestine workshops of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area are one of the groups most vulnerable to infection and disease development. Besides, their right to free public health care is frequently violated.CONCLUSIONS: Social inequalities lead to health inequalities - both in health indicators and in access to public services, diagnosis and treatment. Health is not a technical fact, buy a socio-cultural, political and contextual one. Statistical data on mortality and morbidity on TB provide a general epidemiological knowledge that fails to identify the most vulnerable groups (as the case of Bolivian migrant workers in clandestine textile workshops). Therefore it is important to study TB and other diseases of this type from alternative approaches, as that suggested by the medical-anthropological perspective.

Relevancia de factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis: un abordaje etnográfico desde la antropología médica / Relevance of sociocultural factors in the health care process on patients with tuberculosis: an ethnographic approach from medical anthropology

INTRODUCCION: Este proyecto dio continuidad a la investigación desarrollada durante 2009, con el sentido de avanzar y profundizar en el conocimiento del problema de estudio a partir de los resultados obtenidos.OBJETIVO: Analizar la relevancia que tienen los factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis (TBC) usuarios del Instituto Vaccarezza-Hospital Muñiz (Buenos Aires).METODOS: Se aplicó un enfoque etnográfico focalizado en dos líneas principales: 1) trabajo de campo, con las estrategias de investigación basadas en observaciones de campo, entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión; 2) trabajo con fuentes secundarias.RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con el estudio, los inmigrantes bolivianos de ambos sexos que vivieron y trabajaron en talleres textiles clandestinos del Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires se encuentran entre los grupos socioculturales más vulnerables a la infección y desarrollo de esta enfermedad, y entre lo más vulnerados en su derecho a la atención sanitaria pública gratuita.CONCLUSIONES: Las desigualdades sociales se traducen en desigualdades en salud, no solo por los indicadores, sino también respecto al acceso a los servicios públicos, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. La salud no es un hecho técnico, sino sociocultural, político y contextual. La información estadística sobre mortalidad y morbilidad de TBC produce un conocimiento epidemiológico general que no logra identificar a los sectores más vulnerables (como el caso de los trabajadores inmigrantes bolivianos en los talleres textiles clandestinos). Por lo tanto, es importante que enfermedades como la TBC sean abordadas desde enfoques alternativos a los de la Clínica y la Epidemiología, y se analicen desde la perspectiva antropológica-médica del padecimiento.

INTRODUCTION: This project continued the research conducted during 2009, with the goal of widening and deepening the knowledge of the problem.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relevance of socio-cultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis (TB) at Vaccarezza Institute-Hospital Muñiz (Buenos Aires).METHODS: An ethnographic approach was applied, based on: 1) field work analysis with field observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups, 2) analysis of secondary sources.RESULTS: According to the study, Bolivian immigrants of both sexes having lived and worked in clandestine workshops of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area are one of the groups most vulnerable to infection and disease development. Besides, their right to free public health care is frequently violated.CONCLUSIONS: Social inequalities lead to health inequalities - both in health indicators and in access to public services, diagnosis and treatment. Health is not a technical fact, buy a socio-cultural, political and contextual one. Statistical data on mortality and morbidity on TB provide a general epidemiological knowledge that fails to identify the most vulnerable groups (as the case of Bolivian migrant workers in clandestine textile workshops). Therefore it is important to study TB and other diseases of this type from alternative approaches, as that suggested by the medical-anthropological perspective.

Factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis del Instituto Vaccarezza del Hospital Muñiz, 2009 / Sociocultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis, of Vaccarezza Institute of Muñiz Hospital, 2009

INTRODUCCIÓN: este estudio propuso una aproximación etnográfica en torno a la incidencia de los factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA), usuarios del Instituto Vaccarezza-Hospital Muñiz. OBJETIVOS: el objetivo general de la investigación fue construir un conocimiento complejo de los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención relacionados con la tuberculosis. MÉTODOS: a través de la metodología etnográfica adoptada, se indagó en los factores de riesgo ligados a sus modos de vida y de trabajo, así como en los itinerarios terapéuticos seguidos para diagnosticar y tratar la enfermedad, en el ámbito laboral, de la unidad doméstica y de los servicios públicos de salud. Se consideraron las voces de los distintos actores vinculados al fenómeno de estudio, analizadas articuladamente con la observación de sus prácticas. RESULTADOS: dentro de los grupos más vulnerables a la tuberculosis, se pudo identificar al de inmigrantes bolivianos que trabajan en talleres textiles clandestinos del AMBA. Estos últimos funcionan como unidades productivas-habitacionales centrales de sus modos de vida y de trabajo, y por sus características constituyen espacios que posibilitan la emergencia de la tuberculosis, su contagio y su transmisión. CONCLUSIONES: debido a las condiciones de semiesclavitud en las que estos sujetos trabajan y viven, su derecho a la atención sanitaria se encuentra relativamente limitado.

INTRODUCTION: This study proposed an ethnographic approach on the impact of socio-cultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA), at the Institute Vaccarezza-Muñiz Hospital. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to build an intricate knowledge of the health / disease / careprocesses of tuberculosis. METHOD: Through ethnographic methodology we investigate the ways in risk factors linked to life styles / labour as well as in the therapeutic paths to diagnose and treat the disease, of the work-place, of the house hold and of public care services. We considered the voices of different stake holders linked to the phenomena, which we analyzed jointly with their practices. RESULTS:with in the most vulnerable groups of tuberculosis patients, we identified bolivian immigrants who work in clandestine textile workshops at AMBA. These work as the central housing production units, their ways of life and work, and because of their characteristics, they are spaces that enable the emergence of tuberculosis, its spread and transmission.CONCLUSIONS: Due to the semi-slavery conditions in which these individuals work and live, their right to health careis relatively limited.

Factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis del Instituto Vaccarezza del Hospital Muñiz, 2009 / Sociocultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis, of Vaccarezza Institute of Muñiz Hospital, 2009

INTRODUCCION: este estudio propuso una aproximación etnográfica en torno a la incidencia de los factores socioculturales en el proceso asistencial de pacientes con tuberculosis del Area Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA), usuarios del Instituto Vaccarezza-Hospital Muñiz. OBJETIVOS: el objetivo general de la investigación fue construir un conocimiento complejo de los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención relacionados con la tuberculosis. METODOS: a través de la metodología etnográfica adoptada, se indagó en los factores de riesgo ligados a sus modos de vida y de trabajo, así como en los itinerarios terapéuticos seguidos para diagnosticar y tratar la enfermedad, en el ámbito laboral, de la unidad doméstica y de los servicios públicos de salud. Se consideraron las voces de los distintos actores vinculados al fenómeno de estudio, analizadas articuladamente con la observación de sus prácticas. RESULTADOS: dentro de los grupos más vulnerables a la tuberculosis, se pudo identificar al de inmigrantes bolivianos que trabajan en talleres textiles clandestinos del AMBA. Estos últimos funcionan como unidades productivas-habitacionales centrales de sus modos de vida y de trabajo, y por sus características constituyen espacios que posibilitan la emergencia de la tuberculosis, su contagio y su transmisión. CONCLUSIONES: debido a las condiciones de semiesclavitud en las que estos sujetos trabajan y viven, su derecho a la atención sanitaria se encuentra relativamente limitado (AU)

INTRODUCTION: This study proposed an ethnographic approach on the impact of socio-cultural factors in the health care process of patients with tuberculosis of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA), at the Institute Vaccarezza-Muñiz Hospital. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to build an intricate knowledge of the health / disease / careprocesses of tuberculosis. METHOD: Through ethnographic methodology we investigate the ways in risk factors linked to life styles / labour as well as in the therapeutic paths to diagnose and treat the disease, of the work-place, of the house hold and of public care services. We considered the voices of different stake holders linked to the phenomena, which we analyzed jointly with their practices. RESULTS:with in the most vulnerable groups of tuberculosis patients, we identified bolivian immigrants who work in clandestine textile workshops at AMBA. These work as the central housing production units, their ways of life and work, and because of their characteristics, they are spaces that enable the emergence of tuberculosis, its spread and transmission.CONCLUSIONS: Due to the semi-slavery conditions in which these individuals work and live, their right to health careis relatively limited (AU)

Innovaciones territoriales en el sistema de salud cubana: desde la revolucion hasta mediados de la decada de 1990 / Territorial innovations in the cuban health care system: since revolution until middle of the 1990 decade

Mostra, desde un análisis histórico, la relación entre los cambios operados en la estructura social cubana a partir de la Revolución de 1959, la evolución de su sistema de salud pública, las estrategias de planificación sanitaria de las distintas etapas y las principales innovaciones territoriales que fueron produciéndose en concordancia.(AU)