The agar microdilution method - a new method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for essential oils and plant extracts.

AIMS: To develop a new agar microdilution technique suitable for the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of natural plant products such as essential oils or plant extracts as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of several essential oils and plant extracts. METHODS AND RESULTS: The proposed agar microdilution method was evolved on the basis of the CLSI agar dilution method, approved for conventional antimicrobials. However, this new method combines convenience and time/cost effectiveness typical for microtitre methods with the advantages of the agar dilution of hydrophobic or coloured substances. Different concentrations of the tested agents were added to Eppendorf tubes with molten Mueller-Hinton agar, vortexed and dispensed into the 96-well microplate in a small volume of 100 µl per well which allows for rapid, easy and economical preparation of samples as well as providing a uniform and stable dispersion without separation of the oil-water phases which occurs in methods with liquid medium. Next, the agar microdilution plates were inoculated with four reference bacterial strains. The results of our study demonstrated that the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were successfully determined using the agar microdilution method even with hydrophobic essential oils or strongly coloured plant extracts. CONCLUSIONS: The new agar microdilution method avoids the problems associated with testing of water insoluble, oily or strongly coloured plant natural products. Moreover, it enables the reliable, cheap and easy MIC determination of such agents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In the era of increasing antibiotic resistance high hopes are associated with new drugs of plant origin. However, the lack of standardized and reliable testing methods for assessing antibacterial activity of plant natural products causes impediment to research into this area. This study demonstrated that the agar microdilution method can be used successfully for testing oily and coloured substances.

Synthesis and pharmacological investigations of 3-(aminoalkylene)-1-aryl-2-thioxo-4,5-imidazolidinedione and 2,4,5-imidazolidinetrione derivatives.

New derivatives of 2-thioxo-4,5-imidazolidinedione (3-6, 10, 11) and 2,4,5-imidazolidinetrione (7, 12) were synthesized by N,N'-acylation of asymmetric thioureas and ureas by oxalyl chloride. The obtained compounds were screened for their central action, mainly anticonvulsant activity.

Synthesis and pharmacological activity of some 2,3-dihydrofuran-2,3-dione derivatives.

New 2,3-dihydrofuran-2,3-dione derivatives (1-11) were obtained by condensation of oxalyl chloride with Schiff bases of acetyl- or benzoylacetone and aromatic amines. These compounds showed only weak sedative action and weak analgesic effect.