Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of accommodative state in Smartphone abusers.

BACKGROUND: Addiction to Smartphone usage has psychological and physical impacts. However, the state of spasm of accommodation is unclear in Smartphone abusers. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study among adults aged 18-35 years between October 2016 and December 2018. Forty participants were Smartphone abusers according to the Smartphone addiction questionnaire, and 40 participants were non users. We measured auto refraction precycloplegia and postcycloplegia at far for all participants to evaluate the state of spasm of accommodation. We assessed the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) parameters including anterior chamber angle (ACA). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the odds of having spasm of accommodation between Smartphone abusers compared to non-users (OR = 6.64, 95% CI = 1.73-25.47; adjusted OR = 14.63, 95% CI = 2.99-71.62). The Smartphone abusers and non-users groups had a superior ACA median of 30.45° ± 8.3° vs. 26.75° ± 6.6° (P = 0.04) precycloplegia at far and 31.70° ± 11.8° vs. 31.45° ± 8.3° (P = 0.15) postcycloplegia at far, respectively, demonstrated by the Mann-Whitney U test. There was significant higher difference in the precycloplegic nasal ACA at far in the Smartphone abusers group than the non-users group (mean precycloplegic nasal ACA difference = 3.57°, 95% CI = 0.76° - 6.37°), demonstrated by the independent t test. Similarly, there was significant higher difference in the postcycloplegic nasal ACA at far (mean postcycloplegic nasal ACA difference = 4.26°, 95% CI = 1.33° - 7.19°). CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone abusers are in a condition of accommodation spasm. As a result, cycloplegic refraction should be done for Smartphone abusers.

Optic nerve head perfusion changes in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with intravitreal ranibizumab or photocoagulation: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a serious sight-threatening disease, and half of the patients with high-risk PDR can develop legal blindness within 5 years, if left untreated. This study was aimed at comparing panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal ranibizumab injections in terms of radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with treatment-naive PDR. Methods: This open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trial included 50 patients with treatment-naive PDR with optic disc neovascularization and randomized them into two groups: group 1, with patients undergoing two sessions of PRP 2 weeks apart, and group 2, with patients received three intravitreal ranibizumab injections (0.5 mg) 1 month apart for 3 consecutive months. Patients underwent a full ophthalmological examination, including best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) measurement in the logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) notation and OCTA before intervention and monthly after the last laser session or the first intravitreal ranibizumab injection for 3 months of follow-up. Visual field (VF) was tested at the beginning and end of 3 months. Results: Forty-two (84%) eyes completed the 3-month follow-up, including 22 eyes in the PRP group (88%) and 20 (80%) eyes in the ranibizumab group. The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic characteristics, diabetes duration, baseline BCDVA, glycated hemoglobin level, OCTA parameters, VF indices, and intraocular pressure (all P > 0.05). The RPC density change from baseline to the 3-month follow-up was significantly lower in the PRP group than in the ranibizumab group (mean difference in RPC density change: - 3.61%; 95% confidence interval: - 5.57% to - 1.60%; P = 0.001). The median (interquartile range) logMAR change from baseline to the 3-month follow-up (0.0 [0.2]) was significantly higher in the PRP group than in the ranibizumab group (- 0.15 [0.3]; P < 0.05). The median changes in central foveal thickness from baseline to the 3-month follow-up differed significantly between the two groups (P = 0.001). Conclusions: In eyes with PDR and neovascularization of the disc RPC density on OCTA increased in the ranibizumab group and decreased in the PRP group. Visual acuity gain was higher in the ranibizumab group than in the PRP group. Future multicenter trials addressing our limitations are required to verify the findings of this study.

A One-Year Follow-Up of Two Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Models (S2 and FP7) for Refractory Glaucoma: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

AIM: To compare a range of clinical outcome variables (intraocular pressure, glaucoma medications, visual acuity, and complications) between two Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) models (S2 and FP7). METHODS: This was a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Fifty-six patients with refractory glaucoma were randomly assigned to be implanted with either a polypropylene (S2) or silicone (FP7) Ahmed glaucoma valve. The primary outcome measure was a surgical success, defined as an IOP ≤ 16 mm Hg (without medication), and guarded success, defined as a controlled IOP ≤ 16 mmHg (with medication). Failure was defined as when the IOP lay outside of the successful range on two consecutive visits (>16 mmHg, despite medication). RESULTS: Mean follow-up period was 398.42 ± 12.34 days (range, 380-420 days) for the S2 group and 401.75 ± 9.78 days (range, 385-420 days) for the FP7 group; these values were not significantly different (P = 0.27). After 12 months of follow-up, the baseline IOP (45.42 mmHg) fell significantly to 16.14 mmHg in the S2 group (p < 0.000); there was also a significant reduction in IOP in the FP7 group (from 44.17 mmHg to 15.18 mmHg in FP7 group, p < 0.000). At the last follow-up examination, the mean IOP in the S2 group was 16.14 ± 3.18 mmHg, while that of the FP7 group was 15.18 ± 2.75 mmHg; there was no significant difference between the two groups with this respect (p = 0.23). The mean number of medications used by patients in the S2 and FP7 groups was 2.92 ± 1.27 and 2.75 ± 1.43, respectively; there was no significant difference between the two groups with this respect (p = 0.32). There was no significant difference between the FP7 and S2 groups with regard to their relative success rate (17.89% [5/28] versus 10.7% [3/28], respectively; p = 0.38). CONCLUSION: Our data show that the S2 and FP7 models of AGV were both effective in lowering IOP and reducing the need for glaucoma medications. Although these two AGV models had similar dimensions, they were constructed from different materials. However, there were no significant clinical differences between the S2 and FP7 AGV groups after 12 months of follow-up. Furthermore, our data indicate that bleb encapsulation was the primary factor responsible for failure rate and the need for glaucoma medication in both the S2 and FP7 groups. Our analysis further indicates that the S2 and FP7 Ahmed valves are associated with a high risk of failure when considered as a first-line therapy for cases experiencing trabeculectomy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04214847.

Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant versus Ahmed Glaucoma Implant in a One-Year Follow Up, Comparative Study.

AIM: To compare clinical outcomes between Ahmed glaucoma implant (AGV-S2 and FP7 models) and Baerveldt-350 glaucoma implant (BGI). DESIGN: Prospective randomized study. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Eighty-one participants with glaucoma after ocular surgery or secondary glaucoma with persistent and uncontrolled IOP > 21 mmHg were randomized for placement of BGI or AGV models using a standardized surgical technique. The primary outcome was failure, which was defined as IOP >16 mmHg with glaucoma medication, on 2 consecutive study visits. Secondary outcomes were IOP, medication use, visual acuity, complications, and interventions. RESULTS: At one-year follow up, the mean IOP was 14.76±2.5 mmHg in BGI group and 16.57±3.35 mmHg in AGV group (P=0.015). The mean number of glaucoma medications in use was 1.6±0.81 in the BGI group and 3.91±0. 0.28 in the AGV group (P <0.001). There was 1.81 mmHg difference in the mean IOP between participants in both groups with 0.85 SD difference. At 12 months, the failure rate was 11/56 (19.67%) in AGV group and 3/25 (12%) in BGI group (P=0.352). The VA was stable in 77% in the BGI group (P=0.93) versus 80% of patients in AGV group (P=0.88). No significant change was observed in logMAR Snellen VA between both groups (P=0.254). None of the patients lost light perception. CONCLUSION: Both the Ahmed valve implant and the Baerveldt implant are effective in reducing preoperative IOP and glaucoma medications in patients with refractory glaucoma. This trial cannot give clear clinical proof for valve superiority over the other. The Baerveldt-350 implant can be a good choice for refractory glaucoma cases. Capsular scarring around the plate is considered as the main factor for surgical failure and resistant IOP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with the Research Ethical Committee, Ain Shams University, FWA 000017585 FMASU 21/2017, and registered at Clinical Trial. gov: NCT04215575.

Lamellar Tarsectomy Procedure In Major Trichiasis Of The Upper Lid.

AIMS: Evaluation of failure rate and outcomes between skin and muscle surgery and lamellar tarsectomy procedure in major trichiasis of the upper lid. DESIGN: Quasi-randomized clinical study. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: One hundred individuals with major trichiasis of the upper lid were enrolled and assigned to either skin and muscle surgery (group A) or a lamellar tarsectomy procedure (group B). Participants were examined at 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure (failure rate) was the percentage of participants having five or more eyelashes touching the globe or having surgery performed at any follow-up time in both groups. The secondary outcomes included failure time and changes in both visual acuity and corneal opacity. RESULTS: Risk failure over 6 months was 40% in group A and 10% in group B. Absolute risk reduction was 30% (95% CI=14.08-45.92%). Cumulative risk failure over 12 months was 20% in group A and 0.00% in group B after the second intervention. Absolute risk reduction was 20% (95% CI=8.58-31.42%). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 3.3 patients (95% CI=2.2-7.1). The mean number of rubbing lashes was greater in the skin and muscle group than in the lamellar tarsectomy group for 6 and 12 month examinations (0.002, 0.005). The change in visual acuity between the two groups was not significant. Recurrent trichiasis was noticed earlier, 6 weeks after surgery, in the skin and muscle group participants, and later, 3 months after surgery, in the lamellar tarsectomy group participants. CONCLUSION: The lamellar tarsectomy procedure is a good choice for management of major trichiasis of the upper lid. The subjective symptoms and lid margin conjunctivalization were improved in lamellar tarsectomy participants. Absence of new corneal opacity or a change in existing corneal opacification was noticed at the 12 months follow-up study.