Energy and protein levels in dairy cow diets to recover milk ethanol stability.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of energy and protein in the diet on the recovery of milk ethanol stability (MES) induced by feed restriction. Twelve Holstein and Holstein × Jersey crossbred cows with an average of 146 ± 50 DIM, 575.4 ± 70 kg of BW, and 18.93 ± 5.46 kg/d of milk yield were distributed in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 treatments and 3 experimental periods. Each experimental period lasted 24 d, comprising 3 phases: a 13-d adaptation phase (100E+100P), a 4-d induction phase for milk ethanol instability (50E+50P), and a 7-d recovery phase for MES (3 treatments). The 3 treatments during the recovery phase consisted of 3 diets aiming to meet the requirements of energy and protein (100E+100P), only energy (100E+50P), or only protein (50E+100P). The diet during the adaptation and induction phases was common for all cows. The energy and protein levels to meet each cow's requirements were based on the group average. Restriction of energy and protein reduced DM, CP, and total digestive nutrient intake for cows fed 100E+50P and 50E+100P. The lowest BW was observed for cows fed 50E+100P, with no difference for BCS. During the induction phase, MES was reduced by 9 percentage units. Cows fed 100E+100P recovered MES in the first days of the recovery phase, whereas 100E+50P slightly improved MES, and 50E+100P had a constant decrease in MES. Cows fed 100E+50P and 50E+100P produced, respectively, 3.6 and 5.9 kg less milk than those fed 100E+100P. The 50E+100P treatment exhibited the highest milk fat content and SCS, along with the lowest milk lactose content. Protein content was higher in the 100E+100P treatment. Cows fed 50E+100P showed higher serum albumin levels compared with those on the 100E+100P treatment, not differing from the 100E+50P treatment. We concluded that the complete recovery of MES in cows with feed restrictions is possible only by supplying both the energy and protein requirements in the cows' diet. However, restricting energy intake poses a greater limitation on MES recovery compared with restricting protein.

Perfil metabólico de vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey no periparto / Metabolic profile of Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows in the peripartum

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar e comparar o perfil metabólico de vacas Holandês (H) e mestiças Holandês x Jersey (HxJ) no periparto. Avaliaram-se 24 vacas, sendo 11 vacas Holandês e 13 mestiças Holandês x Jersey. Semanalmente, coletou-se sangue para a determinação das concentrações séricas de glicose, beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), proteína total, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatinoquinase (CK), cálcio total, cálcio iônico, magnésio, fósforo inorgânico e colesterol. Avaliou-se também o peso vivo e o escore de condição corporal (ECC). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com medidas repetidas no tempo. As vacas Holandês apresentaram maior peso vivo. Não houve diferença entre os grupamentos genéticos para ECC. Foi observada tendência de maiores concentrações séricas de BHB, AST e maior concentração de cálcio iônico em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e Holandês apresentaram perfil energético similar durante o período de transição pré e pós-parto na maioria dos indicadores, com exceção do cálcio, que foi maior nas vacas mestiças, e do fósforo, que foi superior nas vacas Holandês.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the metabolic profile of Holstein (H) and crossbred Holstein x Jersey (HxJ) on peripartum. For this, 24 cows were evaluated, 11 Holstein and 13 crossbreeds Holstein x Jersey. Weekly, venous blood sample were collected to determine concentration of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), total calcium, ionic calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and cholesterol. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were also evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time. Holstein cows presented higher BW, however, there was no difference for BCS in compare to crossbreed Holstein x Jersey cows. Tendency for higher serum concentrations of BHBA, AST and higher concentration of ionic calcium was observed in crossbreed cows in comparison to the Holstein. The energetic profile during the pre and postpartum transition period is similar for both genetic groups with higher concentrations of BHBA on the first week of lactation, however, with a tendency of higher serum concentrations of BHBA for crossbreed cows. Higher concentrations of ionic calcium were observed in crossbreed cows and higher concentrations of phosphorus in Holstein cows on peripartum. Holstein and Holtein x Jersey crossbreed cows have a similar energy profile during the pre and postpartum transition period in most of the indicators, except for calcium that was higher in crossbred cows and higher phosphorus in Holstein cows.(AU)

Perfil metabólico de vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey no periparto / Metabolic profile of Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows in the peripartum

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar e comparar o perfil metabólico de vacas Holandês (H) e mestiças Holandês x Jersey (HxJ) no periparto. Avaliaram-se 24 vacas, sendo 11 vacas Holandês e 13 mestiças Holandês x Jersey. Semanalmente, coletou-se sangue para a determinação das concentrações séricas de glicose, beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), proteína total, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatinoquinase (CK), cálcio total, cálcio iônico, magnésio, fósforo inorgânico e colesterol. Avaliou-se também o peso vivo e o escore de condição corporal (ECC). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com medidas repetidas no tempo. As vacas Holandês apresentaram maior peso vivo. Não houve diferença entre os grupamentos genéticos para ECC. Foi observada tendência de maiores concentrações séricas de BHB, AST e maior concentração de cálcio iônico em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey. Vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e Holandês apresentaram perfil energético similar durante o período de transição pré e pós-parto na maioria dos indicadores, com exceção do cálcio, que foi maior nas vacas mestiças, e do fósforo, que foi superior nas vacas Holandês.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the metabolic profile of Holstein (H) and crossbred Holstein x Jersey (HxJ) on peripartum. For this, 24 cows were evaluated, 11 Holstein and 13 crossbreeds Holstein x Jersey. Weekly, venous blood sample were collected to determine concentration of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), total calcium, ionic calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and cholesterol. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were also evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time. Holstein cows presented higher BW, however, there was no difference for BCS in compare to crossbreed Holstein x Jersey cows. Tendency for higher serum concentrations of BHBA, AST and higher concentration of ionic calcium was observed in crossbreed cows in comparison to the Holstein. The energetic profile during the pre and postpartum transition period is similar for both genetic groups with higher concentrations of BHBA on the first week of lactation, however, with a tendency of higher serum concentrations of BHBA for crossbreed cows. Higher concentrations of ionic calcium were observed in crossbreed cows and higher concentrations of phosphorus in Holstein cows on peripartum. Holstein and Holtein x Jersey crossbreed cows have a similar energy profile during the pre and postpartum transition period in most of the indicators, except for calcium that was higher in crossbred cows and higher phosphorus in Holstein cows.(AU)

Posterior urethral valves: comparison of clinical outcomes between postnatal and antenatal cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) constitute the most common infravesical urinary obstruction in boys and are often accompanied by severe consequences to the lower and upper urinary tract. Currently, about two-thirds of diagnosis of PUVs has been suspected by prenatal ultrasonography findings. The aim of this study was to compare long-term clinical outcomes in two groups of patients with PUVs, with antenatal vs. postnatal diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of 173 patients with PUVs systematically followed up in a tertiary center. Median follow-up time was 66.5 months (interquartile range [IQ], 11.4-147.9 months) for those patients who survived neonatal period. Seventy-nine (45.6%) patients were followed up for more than 5 years and 55 (32%) for more than 10 years. For analysis, the cohort was stratified into two groups according to the clinical presentation (prenatal vs. postnatal). The events of interest were urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical interventions, proteinuria, hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and death. Survival analyses were performed to evaluate time until occurrence of the events. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients (35.8%) were diagnosed by fetal sonography. Patients of postnatal group presented a higher incidence rate of UTI episodes (6.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9-8.3) than antenatal group (1.2, 95% CI, 0.4-2.7) (P < 0.001). Thirty-six patients (21%) presented hypertension, and 77 (44.5%) had persistent mild proteinuria. There was no significant difference in the estimated incidence of hypertension (P = 0.28) and proteinuria (P = 0.78) between antenatal and postnatal groups. The cumulative incidence of CKD stage ≥3 was estimated to be about 37% at 10 years of age, and 56% at 18 years of age. By survival analysis, there was no significant difference in the estimated incidence of CKD stage ≥3 (log-rank = 0.32, P = 0.57) and CKD stage 5 (log-rank = 1.08, P = 0.28, Figure) between antenatal and postnatal groups. Of 173 patients included in the analysis, 13 (7.5%) died during follow-up with a median age of 2.6 months (IQ, 15 days-62 months). Survival analyses have not shown any significant difference in the estimated incidence of death between antenatal and postnatal groups (log-rank = 1.38, P = 0.24). CONCLUSION: The study findings did not corroborate the initial hypothesis that the rates of renal function declining in patients with PUVs would be attenuated by an early diagnosis and intervention after antenatal diagnosis.

Ocorrência de neoplasias múltiplas distintas em um cão Weimaraner idoso / Ocurrence of multiple different neoplasms in an old Weimaraner dog

Neoplasias múltiplas são relativamente comuns em cães, no entanto são escassos os relatos sobre essa condição clínica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de ocorrência de diferentes neoplasias em uma cadela da raça Weimaraner, de 13 anos de idade. O paciente foi referido devido ao histórico de recorrência de melanoma oral e ao exame físico foi constatada dispneia intensa. A radiografia do crânio revelou proliferação periosteal ativa, reabsorção óssea e aumento dos espaços periodontais, em mandíbula esquerda, sugerindo neoplasia ou processo infeccioso. Radiografias torácicas revelaram um padrão pulmonar intersticial miliar e nodular, com múltiplos nódulos radiopacos, de diferentes tamanhos, difusamente distribuídos pelos lobos, caracterizando metástase pulmonar. Devido a condição clínica e ao prognóstico desfavorável, foi realizada a eutanásia do animal. Ao exame post mortem foram identificados dois nódulos em cavidade oral, bem como, diversos nódulos nas cadeias mamárias esquerda e direita e tumor em glândula adrenal. Metástases do melanoma oral foram evidenciadas no pulmão, espaço intercostal e vesícula urinária. Durante a necropsia, realizou-se coleta aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) dos nódulos descritos previamente, e os achados citológicos se correlacionaram aos histopatológicos.

Multiple neoplasms are relatively common in dogs, however there are few reports of this medical condition. The objective of the present study was to report a case of occurrence of different neoplasms in a 13 year-old Weimaraner female dog. The patient was referred due to a history of oral melanoma recurrence and physical examination showed intense dyspnea. The radiographic analysis of the skull revealed active periosteal proliferation, bone resorption and increased periodontal spaces in the left mandible, suggesting neoplasia or infectious process. Chest radiographs revealed a miliary and nodular interstitial lung pattern, with multiple radiopaque nodules of different sizes, diffusely distributed in the lobes, characterizing pulmonary metastasis. Due to the clinical condition and poor outcome, it was performed the euthanasia. At post mortem examination it was identified two oral cavity nodules, as well as several nodules in the left and right mammary chains and an adrenal tumour. Metastases of oral melanoma were evidenced in the lung, intercostal space and bladder. During the necropsy, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed for the nodules described previously and cytological and histopathological findings findings were correlated.

OCORRÊNCIA DE NEOPLASIAS MÚLTIPLAS DISTINTAS EM UM CÃO WEIMARANER IDOSO

Neoplasias múltiplas são relativamente comuns em cães, no entanto são escassos os relatos sobre essa condição clínica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de ocorrência de diferentes neoplasias em uma cadela da raça Weimaraner, de 13 anos de idade. O paciente foi referido devido ao histórico de recorrência de melanoma oral e ao exame físico foi constatada dispneia intensa. A radiografia do crânio revelou proliferação periosteal ativa, reabsorção óssea e aumento dos espaços periodontais, em mandíbula esquerda, sugerindo neoplasia ou processo infeccioso. Radiografias torácicas revelaram um padrão pulmonar intersticial miliar e nodular, com múltiplos nódulos radiopacos, de diferentes tamanhos, difusamente distribuídos pelos lobos, caracterizando metástase pulmonar. Devido a condição clínica e ao prognóstico desfavorável, foi realizada a eutanásia do animal. Ao exame post mortem foram identificados dois nódulos em cavidade oral, bem como, diversos nódulos nas cadeias mamárias esquerda e direita e tumor em glândula adrenal. Metástases do melanoma oral foram evidenciadas no pulmão, espaço intercostal e vesícula urinária. Durante a necropsia, realizou-se coleta aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) dos nódulos descritos previamente, e os achados citológicos se correlacionaram aos histopatológicos.

Ocorrência de neoplasias múltiplas distintas em um cão Weimaraner idoso / Ocurrence of multiple different neoplasms in an old Weimaraner dog

Neoplasias múltiplas são relativamente comuns em cães, no entanto são escassos os relatos sobre essa condição clínica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de ocorrência de diferentes neoplasias em uma cadela da raça Weimaraner, de 13 anos de idade. O paciente foi referido devido ao histórico de recorrência de melanoma oral e ao exame físico foi constatada dispneia intensa. A radiografia do crânio revelou proliferação periosteal ativa, reabsorção óssea e aumento dos espaços periodontais, em mandíbula esquerda, sugerindo neoplasia ou processo infeccioso. Radiografias torácicas revelaram um padrão pulmonar intersticial miliar e nodular, com múltiplos nódulos radiopacos, de diferentes tamanhos, difusamente distribuídos pelos lobos, caracterizando metástase pulmonar. Devido a condição clínica e ao prognóstico desfavorável, foi realizada a eutanásia do animal. Ao exame post mortem foram identificados dois nódulos em cavidade oral, bem como, diversos nódulos nas cadeias mamárias esquerda e direita e tumor em glândula adrenal. Metástases do melanoma oral foram evidenciadas no pulmão, espaço intercostal e vesícula urinária. Durante a necropsia, realizou-se coleta aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) dos nódulos descritos previamente, e os achados citológicos se correlacionaram aos histopatológicos.(AU)

Multiple neoplasms are relatively common in dogs, however there are few reports of this medical condition. The objective of the present study was to report a case of occurrence of different neoplasms in a 13 year-old Weimaraner female dog. The patient was referred due to a history of oral melanoma recurrence and physical examination showed intense dyspnea. The radiographic analysis of the skull revealed active periosteal proliferation, bone resorption and increased periodontal spaces in the left mandible, suggesting neoplasia or infectious process. Chest radiographs revealed a miliary and nodular interstitial lung pattern, with multiple radiopaque nodules of different sizes, diffusely distributed in the lobes, characterizing pulmonary metastasis. Due to the clinical condition and poor outcome, it was performed the euthanasia. At post mortem examination it was identified two oral cavity nodules, as well as several nodules in the left and right mammary chains and an adrenal tumour. Metastases of oral melanoma were evidenced in the lung, intercostal space and bladder. During the necropsy, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed for the nodules described previously and cytological and histopathological findings findings were correlated.(AU)

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the environmental condition using a fish species (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) in a tropical reservoir in Southeastern Brazil / Biomarcadores e bioindicadores da condição ambiental usando uma espécie de peixe (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) em um reservatório tropical no Sudeste do Brasil

The Funil Reservoir receives a large amount of xenobiotics from the Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) from large number of industries and municipalities in the watershed. This study aimed to assess environmental quality along the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul River-Funil Reservoir system, by using biomarkers and bioindicators in a selected fish species. The raised hypothesis is that Funil Reservoir acts as a filter for the xenobiotics of the PSR waters, improving river water quality downstream the dam. Two biomarkers, the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD), measured as fluorimetricly in S9 hepatic fraction, and the micronuclei frequency (MN), observed in erythrocytes of the cytoplasm, and three bioindicators, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) were used in Pimelodus maculatus, a fish species widely distributed in the system. Four zones were searched through a longitudinal gradient: 1, river upstream from the reservoir; 2, upper reservoir; 3, lower reservoir; 4, river downstream of the reservoir. EROD activity and HSI and GSI had significant differences among the zones (P<0.05). The upper reservoir had the lowest EROD activity and HSI, whereas the river downstream of the reservoir had the highest EROD and lowest GSI. The river upstream from the reservoir showed the highest HSI and GSI. It is suggested that the lowest environmental condition occur at the river downstream of the reservoir, where it seems to occur more influence of xenobiotics, which could be associated with hydroelectric plant operation. The hypothesis that Funil reservoir acts as a filter decanting pollution from the Paraíba do Sul River waters was rejected. These results are novel information on this subject for a native fish species and could be useful for future comparisons with other environments.(AU)

O reservatório do Funil recebe uma grande quantidade de contaminantes xenobióticos do Rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) provenientes de grandes indústrias e municípios situados na bacia hidrográfica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade ambiental ao longo de um perfil longitudinal do sistema rio Paraíba do Sul-reservatório do Funil, através de biomarcadores e bioindicadores em uma espécie de peixe selecionada. A hipótese a ser testada é de que o reservatório do Funil funciona como filtro para poluentes xenobioticos de águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, melhorando a qualidade da água à jusante da represa. Foram usados dois biomarcadores: a atividade de etoxiresorufina-O-desetilase (EROD), medida fluorimetricamente na fração S9 hepática, e a Freqüência de Micronúcleos (MN), observada no citoplasma dos eritrócitos; e também três bioindicadores: índice hepato-somático (IHS), índice gonado-somático (IGS) e Fator de Condição (FC) em Pimelodus maculatus, uma espécie de peixe amplamente distribuída no sistema. Quatro zonas foram amostrados ao longo do gradiente longitudinal: 1, rio a montante do reservatório; 2, parte superior do reservatório; 3, parte inferior do reservatório; 4, rio à jusante do reservatório. A atividade de EROD, o IHS e o IGS apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0.05) entre as zonas. A atividade EROD e o IHS foram mais baixos na parte superior do reservatório, enquanto que no rio à jusante do reservatório, a atividade de EROD foi mais alta e o IGS foi mais baixo. O rio acima do reservatório apresentou maiores IHS e IGS. É sugerido que a pior condição ambiental ocorreu no rio abaixo do reservatório, o que poderia ser associado às influências das operações da usina hidroelétrica. A hipótese de que o reservatório do Funil atue como filtro decantando a poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul foi rejeitada. Estes dados são novas informações sobre este tema para uma espécie nativa e podem ser úteis para futuras comparações outros ambientes.(AU)

Bauhinia variegata candida Fraction Induces Tumor Cell Death by Activation of Caspase-3, RIP, and TNF-R1 and Inhibits Cell Migration and Invasion In Vitro.

Metastasis remains the most common cause of death in cancer patients. Inhibition of metalloproteinases (MMPs) is an interesting approach to cancer therapy because of their role in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-cell, and cell-ECM interactions, modulating key events in cell migration and invasion. Herein, we show the cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects of the third fraction (FR3) from Bauhinia variegata candida (Bvc) stem on human cervical tumor cells (HeLa) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). FR3 inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, indicated by zymogram. This fraction was cytotoxic to HeLa cells and noncytotoxic to PBMCs and decreased HeLa cell migration and invasion. FR3 is believed to stimulate extrinsic apoptosis together with necroptosis, assessed by western blotting. FR3 inhibited MMP-2 activity in the HeLa supernatant, differently from the control. The atomic mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) characterization suggested the presence of glucopyranosides, D-pinitol, fatty acids, and phenolic acid. These findings provide insight suggesting that FR3 contains components with potential tumor-selective cytotoxic action in addition to the action on the migration of tumor cells, which may be due to inhibition of MMPs.

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the environmental condition using a fish species (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) in a tropical reservoir in Southeastern Brazil / Biomarcadores e bioindicadores da condição ambiental usando uma espécie de peixe (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) em um reservatório tropical no Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract The Funil Reservoir receives a large amount of xenobiotics from the Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) from large number of industries and municipalities in the watershed. This study aimed to assess environmental quality along the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul River-Funil Reservoir system, by using biomarkers and bioindicators in a selected fish species. The raised hypothesis is that Funil Reservoir acts as a filter for the xenobiotics of the PSR waters, improving river water quality downstream the dam. Two biomarkers, the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD), measured as fluorimetricly in S9 hepatic fraction, and the micronuclei frequency (MN), observed in erythrocytes of the cytoplasm, and three bioindicators, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) were used in Pimelodus maculatus, a fish species widely distributed in the system. Four zones were searched through a longitudinal gradient: 1, river upstream from the reservoir; 2, upper reservoir; 3, lower reservoir; 4, river downstream of the reservoir. EROD activity and HSI and GSI had significant differences among the zones (P<0.05). The upper reservoir had the lowest EROD activity and HSI, whereas the river downstream of the reservoir had the highest EROD and lowest GSI. The river upstream from the reservoir showed the highest HSI and GSI. It is suggested that the lowest environmental condition occur at the river downstream of the reservoir, where it seems to occur more influence of xenobiotics, which could be associated with hydroelectric plant operation. The hypothesis that Funil reservoir acts as a filter decanting pollution from the Paraíba do Sul River waters was rejected. These results are novel information on this subject for a native fish species and could be useful for future comparisons with other environments.

Resumo O reservatório do Funil recebe uma grande quantidade de contaminantes xenobióticos do Rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) provenientes de grandes indústrias e municípios situados na bacia hidrográfica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade ambiental ao longo de um perfil longitudinal do sistema rio Paraíba do Sul-reservatório do Funil, através de biomarcadores e bioindicadores em uma espécie de peixe selecionada. A hipótese a ser testada é de que o reservatório do Funil funciona como filtro para poluentes xenobioticos de águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, melhorando a qualidade da água à jusante da represa. Foram usados dois biomarcadores: a atividade de etoxiresorufina-O-desetilase (EROD), medida fluorimetricamente na fração S9 hepática, e a Freqüência de Micronúcleos (MN), observada no citoplasma dos eritrócitos; e também três bioindicadores: Índice hepato-somático (IHS), Índice gonado-somático (IGS) e Fator de Condição (FC) em Pimelodus maculatus, uma espécie de peixe amplamente distribuída no sistema. Quatro zonas foram amostrados ao longo do gradiente longitudinal: 1, rio a montante do reservatório; 2, parte superior do reservatório; 3, parte inferior do reservatório; 4, rio à jusante do reservatório. A atividade de EROD, o IHS e o IGS apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0.05) entre as zonas. A atividade EROD e o IHS foram mais baixos na parte superior do reservatório, enquanto que no rio à jusante do reservatório, a atividade de EROD foi mais alta e o IGS foi mais baixo. O rio acima do reservatório apresentou maiores IHS e IGS. É sugerido que a pior condição ambiental ocorreu no rio abaixo do reservatório, o que poderia ser associado às influências das operações da usina hidroelétrica. A hipótese de que o reservatório do Funil atue como filtro decantando a poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul foi rejeitada. Estes dados são novas informações sobre este tema para uma espécie nativa e podem ser úteis para futuras comparações outros ambientes.

The role of interleukins in vitiligo: a systematic review.

Vitiligo is a disorder of the skin that causes depigmentation and asymptomatic macules whose exact cause is still unclear. Although its aetiology is not fully elucidated, the main theory of its pathomechanism is that it is associated with the autoimmune process. There is few summarized information about the role of inflammatory mediators, as interleukins, in vitiligo, so our aim was to present a systematic review of the role of interleukins in vitiligo, focusing on interleukins. In this review, we included all studies assessing interleukin levels in vitiligo patients conducted up to June 2017. Quality assessment of these studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The interleukins mainly involved were IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17. The studies highlight the crucial role of IL-17 in the onset and progression of the disease, and its synergistic action with IL-2, IL-6 and IL-33. Dysregulated levels of the interleukins were also correlated with the stage of disease, the affected skin surface area, and indicated as the main factor for lymphocyte infiltration found in depigmented regions. These findings illustrate the growing need for new therapies targeting vitiligo and further research into the role of interleukins as an area of particular interest.

Statin use in Brazil: findings and implications.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Statins have become an integral part of treatment to reduce cardiac events in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, their use within the public healthcare system in Brazil is unknown. Consequently, we sought to determine and characterize statin use in primary healthcare delivered by the public health system (SUS) in Brazil and evaluate associated patient factors to improve future use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a national representative sample from five Brazilian regions, derived from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines using a multi-stage complex sampling plan. Patients over 18 years old were interviewed from July 2014 to May 2015. The prevalences of statin use and self-reported statin adherence were determined amongst medicine users. The associations between statin use and sociodemographic/health condition variables were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 8803 patients were interviewed, of whom 6511 were medicine users. The prevalence of statin use was 9.4% with simvastatin (90.3%), atorvastatin (4.7%) and rosuvastatin (1.9%) being the most used statins. Poor adherence was described by 6.5% of patients. Statin use was significantly associated with age ≥65 years old, higher educational level, residence in the South, metabolic and heart diseases, alcohol consumption and polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population based study in Brazil to assess statin use in SUS primary healthcare patients. Addressing inequalities in access and use of medicines including statins is an important step in achieving the full benefit of statins in Brazil, with the findings guiding future research and policies.

Nanobiostructure of fibrous-like alumina functionalized with an analog of the BP100 peptide: Synthesis, characterization and biological applications.

The functionalization of alumina nanoparticles of specific morphology with antimicrobial peptides (AMP) can be a promising strategy for modeling medical devices and packaging materials for cosmetics, medicines or food, since the contamination by pathogens could be reduced. In this paper, we show the synthesis of a fibrous-like alumina nanobiostructure, as well as its functionalization with the peptide EAAA-BP100, an analog of the antimicrobial peptide BP100. The antibacterial activity of the obtained material against some bacterial strains is also investigated. The covalent binding of the peptide to the nanoparticles was promoted by a reaction between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain (E1) of the peptide and the amino groups of the alumina nanoparticles, previously modified by reaction with 3-aminopropyltrietoxysilane (APTES). The functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and other physicochemical techniques. Although the obtained alumina nanobiostructure shows a relatively low degree of substitution with EAAA-BP100, antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains are appreciably higher than the activities of the free peptide. The obtained results can affect the design of new hybrid nanobiomaterials based on nanoparticles functionalized with AMP.

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the environmental condition using a fish species (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) in a tropical reservoir in Southeastern Brazil.

The Funil Reservoir receives a large amount of xenobiotics from the Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) from large number of industries and municipalities in the watershed. This study aimed to assess environmental quality along the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul River-Funil Reservoir system, by using biomarkers and bioindicators in a selected fish species. The raised hypothesis is that Funil Reservoir acts as a filter for the xenobiotics of the PSR waters, improving river water quality downstream the dam. Two biomarkers, the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD), measured as fluorimetricly in S9 hepatic fraction, and the micronuclei frequency (MN), observed in erythrocytes of the cytoplasm, and three bioindicators, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) were used in Pimelodus maculatus, a fish species widely distributed in the system. Four zones were searched through a longitudinal gradient: 1, river upstream from the reservoir; 2, upper reservoir; 3, lower reservoir; 4, river downstream of the reservoir. EROD activity and HSI and GSI had significant differences among the zones (P<0.05). The upper reservoir had the lowest EROD activity and HSI, whereas the river downstream of the reservoir had the highest EROD and lowest GSI. The river upstream from the reservoir showed the highest HSI and GSI. It is suggested that the lowest environmental condition occur at the river downstream of the reservoir, where it seems to occur more influence of xenobiotics, which could be associated with hydroelectric plant operation. The hypothesis that Funil reservoir acts as a filter decanting pollution from the Paraíba do Sul River waters was rejected. These results are novel information on this subject for a native fish species and could be useful for future comparisons with other environments.

Comparação entre vacas puras Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey quanto à sanidade, imunidade e facilidade de parto / Comparison between Holstein and Holstein × Jersey crossbred cows for health, immunity and easy calving

O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)

The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)

Comparação entre vacas puras Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Jersey quanto à sanidade, imunidade e facilidade de parto / Comparison between Holstein and Holstein × Jersey crossbred cows for health, immunity and easy calving

O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)

The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the environmental condition using a fish species (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) in a tropical reservoir in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract The Funil Reservoir receives a large amount of xenobiotics from the Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) from large number of industries and municipalities in the watershed. This study aimed to assess environmental quality along the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul RiverFunil Reservoir system, by using biomarkers and bioindicators in a selected fish species. The raised hypothesis is that Funil Reservoir acts as a filter for the xenobiotics of the PSR waters, improving river water quality downstream the dam. Two biomarkers, the ethoxyresorufinOdeethylase activity (EROD), measured as fluorimetricly in S9 hepatic fraction, and the micronuclei frequency (MN), observed in erythrocytes of the cytoplasm, and three bioindicators, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) were used in Pimelodus maculatus, a fish species widely distributed in the system. Four zones were searched through a longitudinal gradient: 1, river upstream from the reservoir; 2, upper reservoir; 3, lower reservoir; 4, river downstream of the reservoir. EROD activity and HSI and GSI had significant differences among the zones (P 0.05). The upper reservoir had the lowest EROD activity and HSI, whereas the river downstream of the reservoir had the highest EROD and lowest GSI. The river upstream from the reservoir showed the highest HSI and GSI. It is suggested that the lowest environmental condition occur at the river downstream of the reservoir, where it seems to occur more influence of xenobiotics, which could be associated with hydroelectric plant operation. The hypothesis that Funil reservoir acts as a filter decanting pollution from the Paraíba do Sul River waters was rejected. These results are novel information on this subject for a native fish species and could be useful for future comparisons with other environments.

Resumo O reservatório do Funil recebe uma grande quantidade de contaminantes xenobióticos do Rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) provenientes de grandes indústrias e municípios situados na bacia hidrográfica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade ambiental ao longo de um perfil longitudinal do sistema rio Paraíba do Sul-reservatório do Funil, através de biomarcadores e bioindicadores em uma espécie de peixe selecionada. A hipótese a ser testada é de que o reservatório do Funil funciona como filtro para poluentes xenobioticos de águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, melhorando a qualidade da água à jusante da represa. Foram usados dois biomarcadores: a atividade de etoxiresorufinaOdesetilase (EROD), medida fluorimetricamente na fração S9 hepática, e a Freqüência de Micronúcleos (MN), observada no citoplasma dos eritrócitos; e também três bioindicadores: Índice hepato-somático (IHS), Índice gonado-somático (IGS) e Fator de Condição (FC) em Pimelodus maculatus, uma espécie de peixe amplamente distribuída no sistema. Quatro zonas foram amostrados ao longo do gradiente longitudinal: 1, rio a montante do reservatório; 2, parte superior do reservatório; 3, parte inferior do reservatório; 4, rio à jusante do reservatório. A atividade de EROD, o IHS e o IGS apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0.05) entre as zonas. A atividade EROD e o IHS foram mais baixos na parte superior do reservatório, enquanto que no rio à jusante do reservatório, a atividade de EROD foi mais alta e o IGS foi mais baixo. O rio acima do reservatório apresentou maiores IHS e IGS. É sugerido que a pior condição ambiental ocorreu no rio abaixo do reservatório, o que poderia ser associado às influências das operações da usina hidroelétrica. A hipótese de que o reservatório do Funil atue como filtro decantando a poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul foi rejeitada. Estes dados são novas informações sobre este tema para uma espécie nativa e podem ser úteis para futuras comparações outros ambientes.

Biomarkers and bioindicators of the environmental condition using a fish species (Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803) in a tropical reservoir in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract The Funil Reservoir receives a large amount of xenobiotics from the Paraíba do Sul River (PSR) from large number of industries and municipalities in the watershed. This study aimed to assess environmental quality along the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul RiverFunil Reservoir system, by using biomarkers and bioindicators in a selected fish species. The raised hypothesis is that Funil Reservoir acts as a filter for the xenobiotics of the PSR waters, improving river water quality downstream the dam. Two biomarkers, the ethoxyresorufinOdeethylase activity (EROD), measured as fluorimetricly in S9 hepatic fraction, and the micronuclei frequency (MN), observed in erythrocytes of the cytoplasm, and three bioindicators, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) were used in Pimelodus maculatus, a fish species widely distributed in the system. Four zones were searched through a longitudinal gradient: 1, river upstream from the reservoir; 2, upper reservoir; 3, lower reservoir; 4, river downstream of the reservoir. EROD activity and HSI and GSI had significant differences among the zones (P 0.05). The upper reservoir had the lowest EROD activity and HSI, whereas the river downstream of the reservoir had the highest EROD and lowest GSI. The river upstream from the reservoir showed the highest HSI and GSI. It is suggested that the lowest environmental condition occur at the river downstream of the reservoir, where it seems to occur more influence of xenobiotics, which could be associated with hydroelectric plant operation. The hypothesis that Funil reservoir acts as a filter decanting pollution from the Paraíba do Sul River waters was rejected. These results are novel information on this subject for a native fish species and could be useful for future comparisons with other environments.

Resumo O reservatório do Funil recebe uma grande quantidade de contaminantes xenobióticos do Rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) provenientes de grandes indústrias e municípios situados na bacia hidrográfica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade ambiental ao longo de um perfil longitudinal do sistema rio Paraíba do Sul-reservatório do Funil, através de biomarcadores e bioindicadores em uma espécie de peixe selecionada. A hipótese a ser testada é de que o reservatório do Funil funciona como filtro para poluentes xenobioticos de águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, melhorando a qualidade da água à jusante da represa. Foram usados dois biomarcadores: a atividade de etoxiresorufinaOdesetilase (EROD), medida fluorimetricamente na fração S9 hepática, e a Freqüência de Micronúcleos (MN), observada no citoplasma dos eritrócitos; e também três bioindicadores: Índice hepato-somático (IHS), Índice gonado-somático (IGS) e Fator de Condição (FC) em Pimelodus maculatus, uma espécie de peixe amplamente distribuída no sistema. Quatro zonas foram amostrados ao longo do gradiente longitudinal: 1, rio a montante do reservatório; 2, parte superior do reservatório; 3, parte inferior do reservatório; 4, rio à jusante do reservatório. A atividade de EROD, o IHS e o IGS apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0.05) entre as zonas. A atividade EROD e o IHS foram mais baixos na parte superior do reservatório, enquanto que no rio à jusante do reservatório, a atividade de EROD foi mais alta e o IGS foi mais baixo. O rio acima do reservatório apresentou maiores IHS e IGS. É sugerido que a pior condição ambiental ocorreu no rio abaixo do reservatório, o que poderia ser associado às influências das operações da usina hidroelétrica. A hipótese de que o reservatório do Funil atue como filtro decantando a poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul foi rejeitada. Estes dados são novas informações sobre este tema para uma espécie nativa e podem ser úteis para futuras comparações outros ambientes.

Níveis séricos e hepáticos de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em ovinos e caprinos criados no semiárido da Bahia / Serum and hepatic levels of copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum in sheep and goats raised in the semiarid of Bahia state

Objetivou-se conhecer os teores de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em soro e fígado de pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios de Casa Nova e Juazeiro, estado da Bahia, e verificar se há carência primária ou secundária de cobre. Foi avaliado um total de 160 amostras de ovinos e caprinos de ambos os sexos, coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso. O valor de cobre sérico para caprinos foi de 13,8±0,3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 12,2±0,4±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 220ppm para caprinos e 238ppm para ovinos. O valor de zinco sérico para caprinos foi de 28,3±1,0±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 28,7±0,8±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 99ppm para caprinos e 92ppm para ovinos. O valor de ferro sérico para caprinos foi de 61±3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 64±2±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos foram de 172ppm para caprinos e 221ppm para ovinos. Os valores médios de cobre não indicam ocorrência de carência deste elemento nos pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios estudados. Os teores de zinco encontravam-se dentro dos intervalos de normalidade, não sendo verificada a necessidade de suplementação extra deste mineral. Os teores de ferro sérico apresentavam-se bem elevados, contudo sem que houvesse interferência suficiente no metabolismo do cobre de forma a resultar em uma deficiência cúprica.

The aim of this research was to know the copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum content in serum and liver of small ruminants raised in the cities of Casa Nova and Juazeiro, state of Bahia, and verify the occurrence of primary or secondary copper deficiency. A total of 160 samples of sheep and goats of both sexes collected in the dry and rainy season were evaluated. The values for serum copper in goats was 13.8±0.3±mol/L and in sheep it was 12.2±0.4 ±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 220 ppm for goats and 238 ppm for sheep. The serum zinc value for goats was 28.3±1.0±mol/L and for sheep it was 28.7±0.8±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 99 ppm for goats and 92 ppm for sheep. Serum iron value for goats was 61±3±mol/L and for sheep it was 64±2±mol/L, while liver levels were 172 ppm for goats and 221 ppm for sheep. Copper mean values do not indicate the occurrence of copper deficiency in small ruminants raised in the cities studied. Zinc levels were within the normal values and do not require extra supplementation of this mineral. The serum iron levels were elevated, however it did not interfere in copper metabolism in order to result in a cupric deficiency.

Níveis séricos e hepáticos de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em ovinos e caprinos criados no semiárido da Bahia / Serum and hepatic levels of copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum in sheep and goats raised in the semiarid of Bahia state

Objetivou-se conhecer os teores de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em soro e fígado de pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios de Casa Nova e Juazeiro, estado da Bahia, e verificar se há carência primária ou secundária de cobre. Foi avaliado um total de 160 amostras de ovinos e caprinos de ambos os sexos, coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso. O valor de cobre sérico para caprinos foi de 13,8±0,3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 12,2±0,4±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 220ppm para caprinos e 238ppm para ovinos. O valor de zinco sérico para caprinos foi de 28,3±1,0±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 28,7±0,8±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 99ppm para caprinos e 92ppm para ovinos. O valor de ferro sérico para caprinos foi de 61±3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 64±2±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos foram de 172ppm para caprinos e 221ppm para ovinos. Os valores médios de cobre não indicam ocorrência de carência deste elemento nos pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios estudados. Os teores de zinco encontravam-se dentro dos intervalos de normalidade, não sendo verificada a necessidade de suplementação extra deste mineral. Os teores de ferro sérico apresentavam-se bem elevados, contudo sem que houvesse interferência suficiente no metabolismo do cobre de forma a resultar em uma deficiência cúprica.(AU)

The aim of this research was to know the copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum content in serum and liver of small ruminants raised in the cities of Casa Nova and Juazeiro, state of Bahia, and verify the occurrence of primary or secondary copper deficiency. A total of 160 samples of sheep and goats of both sexes collected in the dry and rainy season were evaluated. The values for serum copper in goats was 13.8±0.3±mol/L and in sheep it was 12.2±0.4 ±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 220 ppm for goats and 238 ppm for sheep. The serum zinc value for goats was 28.3±1.0±mol/L and for sheep it was 28.7±0.8±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 99 ppm for goats and 92 ppm for sheep. Serum iron value for goats was 61±3±mol/L and for sheep it was 64±2±mol/L, while liver levels were 172 ppm for goats and 221 ppm for sheep. Copper mean values do not indicate the occurrence of copper deficiency in small ruminants raised in the cities studied. Zinc levels were within the normal values and do not require extra supplementation of this mineral. The serum iron levels were elevated, however it did not interfere in copper metabolism in order to result in a cupric deficiency.(AU)