Population screening for chronic kidney disease: a survey involving 38,721 Brazilians.

BACKGROUND: It is known that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is continuously increasing all over the world, but the available numbers of affected subjects are mostly collected from renal replacement therapy services and they correspond to individuals with end-stage renal disease. The aim of the present study was to diagnose CKD in its earliest stages in the general population based on detection of proteinuria. METHODS: In public prevention campaigns, from 2005 to 2010, 38 721 inhabitants were evaluated in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Screening procedures included a dipstick test, blood pressure measurement and application of a medical questionnaire. RESULTS: In the whole population, urine samples of 37 771 individuals (mean age: 44.59 + 21.70, 55.74% females) were evaluated, 7.3% presented proteinuria (1+ or more) in the screening test and 85.5% of them had no previous knowledge of this urinary abnormality. Those individuals were referred for further clinical evaluation in order to confirm the detected alterations. Considering being diabetic and/or hypertensive as important risk factors for CKD, it was observed that they corresponded to 9.7 and 28.4% of the population screened for proteinuria, respectively. Newly detected cases of possible CKD, diabetes and hypertension corresponded to 6.2, 0.3 and 6.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This initiative provided information on proteinuria and possible cases of CKD based on a large sampling of the Brazilian population. Proteinuria was detected in 7.3% of these individuals, and such prevalence is similar to that previously described in developed countries.

Papel da clara, da gema e do ovo na nutrição de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Role of egg yolk and egg in the nutrition of kidney disease patients chronic hemodialysis

A gema do ovo é muito rica em colesterol, com 1,281 g%, e por isso a redução de seu consumo tem sido largamente recomendada para baixar os níveis de colesterolemia e prevenir doença cardíaca.Estudos epidemiológicos sobre o consumo do ovo e o risco de coronariopatia são raros. Porém, apesar de o ovo ser realmente rico em colesterol, a sua capacidade em elevar o nível sérico de colesterol é controversa, sendo considerada nula por vários autores.As dietas hipoprotéicas foram propostas para o tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência renal há mais de 50 anos,mas foi com a introdução da dieta conhecida como de Giordano e Giovannetti, pobre em proteínas, mas com alimentos de alto valor biológico, contendo alta proporção de aminoácidos essenciais, como o ovo,que elas ficaram universalmente conhecidas.

Seizure occurrence in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program.

Hemodialysis-associated seizure is a complication of hemodialysis. This report describes the occurrence of seizures in patients with end stage renal disease on dialysis therapy at the Nephrology Institute of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo State, Brazil. A retrospective medical history of 189 patients was reviewed to investigate the occurrence of convulsive seizures during dialytic program. Seven patients with history of seizures were selected but five of them were included in our study. Three patients presented generalized tonic-clonic seizures, one had partial seizure with secondary generalization, and one presented unclassified seizure. Three patients presented seizure just during the dialysis (unique seizure) and one of them presented convulsive status epilepticus. The two other patients had already presented seizures prior the beginning of dialysis. We conclude that seizures in renal failure could be considered as occasional events that do not usually become chronic.

Tratamento da anemia do paciente portador de insuficiencia renal crônica em hemodiálise crônica / Treatment of anemia in end-stage renal disease of chronic hemodialysis patients

Objetivo :Observar a evolução mensal do hematócrito em 50 pacientes (27 homens e 23 mulheres) cor-n insuficiência renal crônica terminal, em hemodiálise, recebendo ferro e eritropoetina durante 12 meses em 1999. Métodos : Os pacientes receberam 4.000 Ul de eritropoetina recombinante humana, por via subcutânea, 2 a 3 vezes por semana e 1 00 mg de sacarato de hidróxido de ferro (Fe III), endovenoso, O a 3 vezes por semana. Destes 50 pacientes, oito (seis homens e duas mulheres) receberam também sangue, em média 700 ml paciente/ano, para os homens e 1.050 ml/paciente/ano, para as mulheres. Resultados :Com a utilização de ferro e de eritropoietina em doses superiores ao recomendado, o hematócrito médio dos 50 pacientes aumentou significativamente (P<0,0001). A anemia foi corrigida em 74,1 por cento dos homens (hematócrito igual ou acima de 40por cento) e em 82,6 por cento das mulheres (hematócrito igual ou acima de 37por cento).Conclusão :A correção da anemia não trouxe, aparentemente, nenhuma conseqüência mais séria, exceto um aumento discreto, mas significativo, da pressão arterial, além de se acompanhar de uma melhora subjetiva e objetiva do bem estar dos pacientes.(au)