Phytochemical screening of Podocarpus lambertii Klotzch ex Endl. leaf extracts and potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activity.

Species of the genus Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Pers.present biological activities, such as analgesic, antioxidant, antifungal, acting in the fight against anemia, depurative and fortifying. Podocarpus lambertii Klotzch ex Endl. is a Brazilian native species popularly known as maritime pine and lacks information about its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. The study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition of soluble plant extracts of acetone (EA), ethyl acetate (EAE) and hexane (HE) from leaves of P. lambertii; evaluate the antimicrobial potential by the broth microdilution technique; antioxidant potential by the DPPH method, as well as to evaluate the biofilm inhibition capacity by the crystal violet assay and reduction of the yellow tetrazolium salt (MTT). Phytochemical screening detected the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. All extracts showed antimicrobial activity on the microorganisms tested, and the EA showed the best results. High free radical scavenging potential was observed only in EAE (96.35%). The antibiofilm potential was observed in the EAE extract. The results contribute to the knowledge of the species and indicate the potential of P. lambertii extracts as a source of plant bioactives for the development of new alternative strategies to control resistant microorganisms.

Improving the Continuous Multiple Tube Reactor: an Innovative Bioreactor Configuration with Great Potential for Dark Fermentation Processes.

The continuous multiple tube reactor (CMTR) has been developed as a promising technology to maximize biohydrogen production (BHP) by dark fermentation (DF) by preventing excess biomass accumulation, leading to suboptimum values of specific organic loading rates (SOLR). However, previous experiences failed to achieve stable and continuous BHP in this reactor, as the low biomass retention capacity in the tube region limited controlling the SOLR. This study goes beyond the evaluation of the CMTR for DF by inserting grooves in the inner wall of the tubes to ensure better cell attachment. The CMTR was monitored in 4 assays at 25ºC using sucrose-based synthetic effluent. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was fixed at 2 h, while the COD varied between 2-8 g L-1 to obtain organic loading rates in the 24 - 96 g COD L-1 d-1. Long-term (90 d) BHP was successfully attained in all conditions due to the improved biomass retention capacity. Optimal values for the SOLR (4.9 g COD g-1 VSS d-1) were observed when applying up to 48 g COD L-1 d-1, in which BHP was maximized. These patterns indicate a favorable balance between biomass retention and washout was naturally achieved. The CMTR looks promising for continuous BHP and is exempt from additional biomass discharge strategies.

The Potential of Metarhizium anisopliae Blastospores to Control Aedes aegypti Larvae in the Field.

Entomopathogenic fungi are promising as an environmentally benign alternative to chemical pesticides for mosquito control. The current study investigated the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores against Aedes aegypti under both laboratory and field conditions. Virulence bioassays of conidia and blastospores were conducted in the laboratory, while field simulation bioassays were conducted under two conditions: totally shaded (TS) or partially shaded (PS). In the first bioassay (zero h), the larvae were added to the cups shortly after the preparation of the blastospores, and in the subsequent assays, larvae were added to the cups 3, 6, 9, and 12 days later. The survival of the larvae exposed to blastospores in the laboratory was zero on day two, as was the case for the larvae exposed to conidia on the sixth day. Under TS conditions, zero survival was seen on the third day of the bioassay. Under PS conditions, low survival rates were recorded on day 7. For the persistence bioassay under PS conditions, low survival rates were also observed. Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores were more virulent to Ae. aegypti larvae than conidia in the laboratory. Blastospores remained virulent under field simulation conditions. However, virulence rapidly declined from the third day of field bioassays. Formulating blastospores in vegetable oil could protect these propagules when applied under adverse conditions. This is the first time that blastospores have been tested against mosquito larvae under simulated field conditions, and the current study could be the basis for the development of a new biological control agent.

Performance of an anaerobic-oxic-anoxic (AOA) system in the simultaneous removal of nutrients and triclosan and bacterial community.

The constant presence of triclosan (TCS) in surface water and wastewater has been verified due to its application in several pharmaceutical and personal care products. Thus, removing this emerging contaminant is essential to minimize the contamination of water bodies. The anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (AOA) system is an innovative alternative that combines the removal of nutrients and triclosan. This study focuses on the simultaneous removal of carbonaceous matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and triclosan in a continuous pilot-scale AOA system from synthetic wastewater. The upflow system, in series, was operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h and a flowrate of 2.40 L h-1. Glucose (190 mg L-1) was added to the anoxic reactor as the external carbon source. Besides that, bacterial community structure was investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing in each reactor. The system achieved average removal efficiencies of 96% (14.03 g d-1) for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 85% (2.64 g d-1) for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 88% (1.40 g d-1) for Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN), 20% (0.12 g d-1) for Total Phosphorus (TP), and 93% (1.87 µg d-1) for Triclosan (TCS). The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi were found in greater abundance. The main genera identified were Anaeromusa, Aeromonas, Azospira, Clostridium, and Lactococcus. The organisms related to phylum and genus corroborate the involved processes and the removal performance achieved. In addition, Lactococcus, Thermomonas, Ferruginibacter, and Dechloromonas were involved in triclosan biodegradation. The anaerobic-oxic-anoxic system successfully removed carbonaceous, nitrogenous matter, and triclosan, with glucose increasing the denitrifying activity.

Nitrogen removal from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic combined reactor: Integrated effect of recirculation rate and hydraulic retention time.

The aim of this work was to assess the nitrogen removal from slaughterhouse wastewater in an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic combined reactor, evaluating the integrated effect of recirculation rate and hydraulic retention time. The recirculation of the liquid phase from the aerobic zone to the anoxic zone was applied to promote the denitrification through the use of endogenous electron donors. Three recirculation rates (R: 0.5, 1 and 2) and three hydraulic retention times (14, 11 and 8 h) were applied. The operation of the reactor was divided into 3 steps (I, II, and III) according to the factors evaluated (recirculation rate and HRT), to achieve operational conditions that would allow satisfactory performance in the different compartments of the reactor. During the experiment the reactor was fed with average total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 65 mg L-1 and 580 mg L-1, respectively. The denitrification efficiency (theoretical) and kinetics parameters for COD decay were calculated. The highest performance was verified in the Step III (R = 2) and HRT of 11 h with NH4+ and TN removals of 84% and 65%, respectively. The TN removal efficiency (65%) was considered satisfactory, since the theoretical denitrification efficiency expected for this condition (R = 2) is 67%, without addition of an external carbon source. The lowest nitrification efficiency values were obtained in HRT of 8 h in the Step I and II (R = 0.5 and 1, respectively), indicating that the nitrification time (3 h - aerobic phase) may be the limiting factor in this HRT. The COD removal efficiency was high in all assays (>95%). The values of the kinetic degradation constants of organic matter were close for all recirculation rates, and the highest values were recorded for the HRT of 8 h and R = 1 and R = 2 (-0.48 and -0.43, respectively).

Anaerobic co-digestion of leachate and glycerol for renewable energy generation.

Anaerobic digestion is a versatile biotechnology that produces bioenergy, biogas, from wastewater. Biogas production and wastewater treatment can be optimized by associating substrates with complementary characteristics. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the anaerobic co-digestion of different contents of landfill leachate and crude glycerol compared to the organic matter removal and specific biogas production, the effects of the factors (time, glycerol content and substrate/inoculum ratio) and their interactions on kinetic parameters of specific biogas production using the modified Gompertz model. A Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was performed for the experimental variables: time (16.6, 20, 25, 30 and 33.4 days), glycerol content (0.43, 0.70, 1.10, 1.50 and 1.77%) and substrate/inoculum ratio (0.23, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.57 g COD/g VSS). From the optimization, it was possible to maximize the efficiency of organic matter removal (90.15%) and specific biogas production (403.15 mL/g VSS) in the conditions of 33.2 days, glycerol content of 1.71% and substrate/inoculum ratio of 0.37 g COD/g VSS. Concerning the modified Gompertz model of the optimal condition performed, an average of 20.3 times higher specific biogas production was obtained when compared to the monodigestion of leachate. Therefore, the association of leachate and glycerol was found to be feasible in terms of stability, biodegradability and biogas production.

Use of jackfruit leaf (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) protein hydrolysates as a stabilizer of the nanoemulsions loaded with extract-rich in pentacyclic triterpenes obtained from Coccoloba uvifera L. leaf.

This study aimed to evaluate the encapsulating potential of a jackfruit leaf protein hydrolysate, through obtaining pentacyclic triterpenes-rich extract loaded nanoemulsion. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions to obtain an optimal nanoemulsion (NE-Opt). The effect of protein hydrolysate concentration (0.5-2%), oil loaded with extract (2.5-7.5%), and ultrasound time (5-15 min) on the polydispersity index (PDI) and droplet size of the emulsion (D[3,2] and D[4,3]) was evaluated. RSM revealed that 1.25% protein hydrolysate, 2.5% oil, and ultrasound time of 15 min produced the NE-Opt with the lowest PDI (0.85), D[3,2] (330 nm), and D[4,3] (360 nm). Encapsulation efficiency and extract loading of the NE-Opt was of 40.15 ± 1.46 and 18.03 ± 2.78% respectively. The NE-Opt was relatively stable during storage (at 4 and 25 °C), pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Then, the protein hydrolysate could be used as an alternative to conventional emulsifiers.

Production of conidia using different culture media modifies the virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhiziumys against Aedes aegypti larvae.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Entomopathogenic fungi are being investigated for the biological control of a range of mosquitoes. Metarhizium conidiospores (conidia) effectively kill Aedes aegypti larvae and could be deployed as an alternative to chemical insecticides. Conidial yield and virulence of fungi when cultured on three different types of solid media, was investigated. METHODS: Three culture media were tested: a) Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA); b) rice flour yeast agar (RYA) and c) rice grains. Conidia produced using these substrates were tested for virulence against Ae. aegypti larvae obtained from field collected eggs. Larvae (2nd - 3rd instar) were exposed to aqueous conidial suspensions and survival monitored over 7 days. Survival analysis was performed using Log-Rank and Kaplan Meier tests, while fungal growth and conidial yields were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: There were only small differences between growth rates on RYA and SDA; however, ESALQ 818 showed the highest conidial yield on rice. Conidia produced on rice grains were more virulent, rapidly reducing survival rates of mosquito larvae. ESALQ 818 conidia produced on rice grains, RYA and SDA killed 100% of the larvae on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th day of exposure, respectively. IP 46 virulence of was consistently lower than ESALQ 818 for all the media tested. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The choice of culture media can influence the virulence of fungal conidia to Ae. aegypti larvae, demonstrating the importance of not only selecting the most virulent isolate but also standardizing growth conditions when screening for virulence.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Immune Responses with Different Feeding Regimes Following Infection by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the most notorious vector of illness-causing viruses. The use of entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides is a promising alternative for the development of novel mosquito control strategies. We investigate whether differences in immune responses could be responsible for modifications in survival rates of insects following different feeding regimes. Sucrose and blood-fed adult A. aegypti females were sprayed with M. anisopliae 1 × 106 conidia mL-1, and after 48 h, the midgut and fat body were dissected. We used RT-qPCR to monitor the expression of Cactus and REL1 (Toll pathway), IMD, REL2, and Caspar (IMD pathway), STAT and PIAS (JAK-STAT pathway), as well as the expression of antimicrobial peptides (Defensin A, Attacin and Cecropin G). REL1 and REL2 expression in both the midgut and fat body were higher in blood-fed fungus-challenged A. aegypti than in sucrose-fed counterparts. Interestingly, infection of sucrose-fed insects induced Cactus expression in the fat body, a negative regulator of the Toll pathway. The IMD gene was upregulated in the fat body in response to fungal infection after a blood meal. Additionally, we observed the induction of antimicrobial peptides in the blood-fed fungus-challenged insects. This study suggests that blood-fed A. aegypti are less susceptible to fungal infection due to the rapid induction of Toll and IMD immune pathways.

Anaerobic co-digestion of industrial landfill leachate and glycerin: methanogenic potential, organic matter removal and process optimization.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the anaerobic co-digestion of different concentrations of industrial landfill leachate associated with crude residual glycerin, in relation to the methanogenic potential, COD removal, accumulated methane production, the effects of the factors (food/microorganism ratio and percentage of glycerin added to the leachate) and their interactions on kinetic parameters of methane production (CH4) using the modified Gompertz model. Co-digestion tests were carried out in bench scale (400 mL of useful volume) under batch mode at 30 ± 1°C during 30-day incubation of anaerobic sewage sludge as inoculum. The parameters glycerin addition to the leachate (v/v) (0%, 1.5%, 5%, 8.5% and 10%) and F/M ratio (0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 1.7) were investigated using Central Composite Rotational Design method (CCRD). The results indicated significant effect to the response variables: methanogenic potential, COD removal, accumulated production of CH4 and maximum estimated production of CH4, considering a confidence interval of 95% (p < .05). The ideal mixture of 95.13% of leachate with 4.87% of raw glycerin was obtained by desirability test to F/M of 1.61 gCOD of substrate per gVSS (volatile suspended solids) of sludge. Methanogenic potential was 0.19 LNCH4 gTVSrem -1, and the average removal of COD was 92%, resulting in accumulated production and maximum estimated production of CH4 of 74 and 80 mL, respectively. It was noted that the process of co-digestion of the industrial landfill leachate with the crude residual glycerin is promising, due to is potential of complementing and balancing organic materials, nutrients and other components that influence the biological process. Abbreviations: AN: ammoniacal nitrogen; BMP: biochemical methane potential; CCRD: central composite rotational design; COD: chemical oxygen demand; F/M ratio: food/microorganism ratio; FSS: fixed suspended solids; NTP: normal temperature and pressure; TSS: total suspended solids; TA: total alkalinity; TFS: total fixed solids; TKN: total Kjeldahl nitrogen; TP: total phosphorus; TS: total solids; TVA: total volatile acids; TVS: total volatile solids; VSS: volatile suspended solids; WWTP: wastewater treatment plant.

Prevalence of TMD and level of chronic pain in a group of Brazilian adolescents.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and associated factors in an adolescent sample from Recife, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1342 adolescents aged 10-17 years. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) was used by calibrated examiners to evaluate the presence and levels of chronic pain. To evaluate the socioeconomic conditions, the subjects answered the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by means of binary logistic regression in SPSS. RESULTS: The results showed that 33.2% of the subjects had TMD irrespective of age (p = 0.153) or economic class (p = 0.653). Statistically significant associations were found between TMD and female gender (p = 0.017), headache/migraine in the past six months (p<0.001), chronic pain (p<0.001) and chronic pain level (p<0.001). In the final model, logistic regression showed that the level of chronic pain and the headache/migraine in the past six months were related to the presence of TMD. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TMD was considered high (33.2%) and adolescents with chronic pain and headache in the past six months were more likely to have TMD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The data contribute to the understanding of TMD among adolescents and to the development of preventive measures and polices to identify the dysfunction promptly.

#Ocupaescola, #Ocupatudo: experiencias políticas de estudiantes de secundaria en el 2016, en Río de Janeiro, Brasil / #OccupySchool, #OccupyEverything: Political experiences of high school students in Río de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016 / #Ocupaescola, #Ocupatudo: experiências políticas de estudantes do ensino médio em 2016, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Resumen (analítico): En el año 2016, miles de estudiantes de secundaria, en el estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, ocuparon sus escuelas en protesta por la crisis de los servicios educativos públicos, dando lugar al movimiento #Ocupaescola. El objetivo de este artículo es ayudar a comprender la naturaleza de estas ocupaciones. Con base en los resultados de una indagación cualitativa, con pretensiones exploratorias, que realizamos en la escuela Iepic, en el municipio de Niterói, presentamos una caracterización de las ocupaciones y una aproximación a los procesos de politización de sus integrantes, lo que nos permite concluir que el movimiento se sitúa en una tensión que revela los déficits del modelo democrático y, al mismo tiempo, los procesos instituyentes en la participación política.

Abstract (analytical): In 2016, thousands of high school students in the state of Río de Janeiro, Brazil occupied their schools to protest the crisis in the public education system creating the #OccupySchool (#Ocupaescola) movement. The aim of this article is to help understand the nature of this occupation. Through exploratory qualitative research, conducted in the Iepic School in Niterói, the authors characterize the occupations and share an approximation to the politicization processes of the occupiers. This leads to the conclusion that the movement is based on a tension that uncovers the insufficiencies of the democratic model and, at the same time, the instituent processes of political participation.

Resumo (analítico): Em 2016, milhares de estudantes secundários, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ocuparam suas escolas protestando contra a crise do sistema público educacional, criando o movimento #Ocupaescola. O objetivo desse artigo é auxiliar o entendimento da natureza dessas ocupações. Com base na exploração qualitativa exploratória, que fizemos na escola Iepic, em Niterói, apresentamos a caracterização das ocupações, e uma aproximação dos processos de politização dos ocupantes, o que nos permite concluir que o movimento se situa na tensão que revela as insuficiências do modelo democrático liberal e, ao mesmo tempo, dos processos instituintes de participação política.

Temporomandibular disorder: otologic implications and its relationship to sleep bruxism / Disfunção temporomandibular: implicações otológicas e sua relação com o bruxismo do sono

Abstract Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder is an umbrella term for various clinical problems affecting the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint and associated structures. This disorder has a multifactor etiology, with oral parafunctional habits considered an important co-factor. Among such habits, sleep bruxism is considered a causal agent involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of temporomandibular disorder. That condition can result in pain otologic symptoms. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism. Methods: A total of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units were examined. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder was determined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, addressing questions concerning myofascial pain and joint problems (disk displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). Four examiners had previously undergone training and calibration exercises for the administration of the instrument. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement was determined using the Kappa statistic. Individuals with a diagnosis of at least one of these conditions were classified as having temporomandibular disorder. The diagnosis of otologic symptoms and bruxism was defined using the same instrument and a clinical exam. Results: Among the individuals with temporomandibular disorder, 58.2% had at least one otologic symptom and 52% exhibited bruxism. Statistically significant associations were found between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism (p < 0.01 for both conditions; OR = 2.12 and 2.3 respectively). Otologic symptoms and bruxism maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated a 1.7 fold and twofold greater chance of such individuals have temporomandibular disorder, respectively. Conclusion: The logistic regression analysis demonstrated strong associations between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism when analyzed simultaneously, independently of patient age and gender.

Resumo Introdução: A disfunção temporomandibular é um termo que engloba vários problemas clínicos que afetam os músculos da mastigação, a articulação temporomandibular e estruturas associadas. Esse distúrbio tem uma etiologia multifatorial, com hábitos parafuncionais orais considerados um importante cofator. Entre esses hábitos, o bruxismo do sono é considerado um agente causador envolvido no desenvolvimento e/ou na perpetuação de disfunção temporomandibular. Esse problema pode resultar em sintomas otológicos dolorosos. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre disfunção temporomandibular e os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo. Método: Foram examinados 776 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 15 anos de áreas urbanas da cidade de Recife (Brasil) registrados nas Unidades de Saúde da Família. O diagnóstico da disfunção foi determinado utilizando o Eixo I dos Critérios de Diagnóstico de Pesquisa para Distúrbios Temporomandibulares, abordando questões relativas a dor miofascial e problemas articulares (luxação discal, artralgia, osteoartrite e osteoartrose). Quatro examinadores foram treinados para a administração do instrumento. A concordância intraexaminador e interexaminador foi determinada usando a estatística Kappa. Os indivíduos com diagnóstico de pelo menos uma dessas condições foram classificados como tendo disfunção temporomandibular. O diagnóstico de sintomas otológicos e bruxismo foi definido utilizando o mesmo instrumento de diagnóstico e exame clínico. Resultados: Entre os indivíduos com a disfunção, 58,2% apresentaram pelo menos um sintoma otológico e 52% apresentaram bruxismo. Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre a disfunção temporomandibular e ambos os sintomas otológicos e bruxismo (p < 0,01 para ambos os problemas, OR = 2,12 e 2,3, respectivamente). Os sintomas otológicos e o bruxismo mantiveram significância estatística na análise de regressão logística binária, o que demonstrou uma probabilidade de 1,7 e 2 vezes maior chance de que esses indivíduos tenham disfunção temporomandibular, respectivamente. Conclusão: A análise de regressão logística demonstrou associações fortes entre disfunção temporomandibular e sintomas otológicos e bruxismo quando analisados simultaneamente, independentemente da idade e do sexo do paciente.

Characterization of Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage with different layers of polyethylene film and storage time.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to characterize the fermentative and microbiological profile of Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage with different layers of polyethylene film and storage time. METHODS: The experimental design consisted of a randomized block design with four and six wrapping layers (100 and 150 microns in total. respectively) allocated in the main plots, through repeated measures analysis (30, 60, and 90 days of storage) with four replicates. RESULTS: The storage time and number of wrapping layers did not show changes in the population of Clostridium and lactic acid bacteria. A decrease was observed in the enterobacteria population with an increase in the storage period in the two wrapping layers studied. Upon opening of the haylage at 30 days, the population of Bacillus was lower in haylages made with six layers of wrapping (3.63 log colony forming units/g). No growth of Listeria sp. or Salmonella sp. was observed during the experimental period. The fungal genera with a greater occurrence were Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The following mycotoxins were not detected: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Relative to the organic butyric, propionic, and acetic acids, the haylages presented a low concentration of lactic acid; this may have prevented a drop in the pH, which was high when the silos were opened (5.4). The levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates presented no variation among the number of wrapping layers, with an overall average of 35.55 and 38.04 g/kg. CONCLUSION: Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage wrapped with four and six layers presented adequate fermentation and microbiological characteristics in the evaluated periods.

Temporomandibular disorder: otologic implications and its relationship to sleep bruxism.

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorder is an umbrella term for various clinical problems affecting the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint and associated structures. This disorder has a multifactor etiology, with oral parafunctional habits considered an important co-factor. Among such habits, sleep bruxism is considered a causal agent involved in the initiation and/or perpetuation of temporomandibular disorder. That condition can result in pain otologic symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism. METHODS: A total of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older from urban areas in the city of Recife (Brazil) registered at Family Health Units were examined. The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder was determined using Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, addressing questions concerning myofascial pain and joint problems (disk displacement, arthralgia, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). Four examiners had previously undergone training and calibration exercises for the administration of the instrument. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement was determined using the Kappa statistic. Individuals with a diagnosis of at least one of these conditions were classified as having temporomandibular disorder. The diagnosis of otologic symptoms and bruxism was defined using the same instrument and a clinical exam. RESULTS: Among the individuals with temporomandibular disorder, 58.2% had at least one otologic symptom and 52% exhibited bruxism. Statistically significant associations were found between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism (p<0.01 for both conditions; OR=2.12 and 2.3 respectively). Otologic symptoms and bruxism maintained statistical significance in the binary logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated a 1.7 fold and twofold greater chance of such individuals have temporomandibular disorder, respectively. CONCLUSION: The logistic regression analysis demonstrated strong associations between the disorder and both otologic symptoms and bruxism when analyzed simultaneously, independently of patient age and gender.

Interação entre nematicidas e herbicidas pré-emergentes no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura da cana-de-açúcar / Interaction between nematicides and pre-emergent herbicide in the initial development of sugar cane / Interacción entre nematicidas y herbicidas pre emergentes en el desarrollo inicial de la cultura de caña de azúcar

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interação do herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), com nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) e benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados no plantio da cultura da cana-de-açúcar (RB 867515). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Paranaense, em Umuarama ­ PR, no período de abril a agosto de 2014. Foi instalado em vasos com capacidade para 4,5 L, contendo uma planta por vaso, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos testemunha (T1), sem aplicação de produtos; aplicação isolada de carbofuran (T2); aplicação isolada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicação isolada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicação combinada de carbofuran e tebuthiuron (T5) e aplicação combinada de benfuracarbe e tebuthiuron (T6). O experimento foi submetido a duas avaliações, 45 e 90 dias após o plantio (DAP) sendo que na primeira, as variáveis avaliadas foram altura da parte aérea, número de folhas e número de plantas daninhas por vaso, e, na segunda, altura da parte aérea; número de folhas; número de plantas daninhas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea; massa fresca do sistema radicular; população final total de nematoides por vaso, calculada pelo somatório de nematoides nas raízes e solo. Quanto ao número de folhas, o tratamento T4 demonstrou fitotoxicidade aos 45 DAP. Os tratamentos T3, T5 e T6 apresentaram as maiores massa fresca e seca da parte área da cana, demonstraram ausência de interação antagônica entre as combinações do herbicida com os nematicidas aos 90 DAP. Os tratamentos T3 e T5 foram eficientes no controle populacional de P. zeae.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of the herbicide tebuthiuron (Combine® SC 500), with the following nematicides: carbofuran (350 Furadan® SC) and benfuracarb (Pottente®) applied during the planting of cane sugar (RB 867515). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Universidade Paranaense in Umuarama - PR, from April to August 2014. The crop was started in 4.5-L vases containing one plant per vase, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications, namely control treatments (T1), with no application of products; isolated application of carbofuran (T2); isolated application of benfuracarb (T3); isolated application of tebuthiuron (T4); combined application of carbofuran and tebuthiuron (T5) and combined application of benfuracarb and tebuthiuron (T6). The experiment was submitted to two assessments, at 45 and 90 days after planting (DAP). On the first assessment, the variables analyzed were shoot height, number of leaves and number of weeds per vase. The second assessment analyzed shoot height; number of leaves; number of weeds; fresh and dry weight of shoot; fresh weight of the root system; total final population of nematodes per vase, calculated by the sum of nematodes in the roots and soil. Regarding the number of leaves, the T4 treatment showed phytotoxicity at 45 DAP. The T3, T5 and T6 treatments had the highest fresh and dry weight of the aerial part of the sugar cane; with absence of antagonistic interaction between the combinations of herbicide and nematicides at 90 DAP. The T3 and T5 treatments were effective in controlling the population of P. zeae.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la interacción del herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), con nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) y benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados en plantío de caña de azúcar (RB 867515). El experimento ha sido dirigido en el área de vegetación de la Universidad Paranaense, en Umuarama - PR, en el período de abril a agosto de 2014. Se ha instalado en floreros con capacidad para 4,5 L, conteniendo una planta por florero, en delineamiento enteramente casualizado, con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, siendo los tratamientos testigo (T1), sin aplicación de productos; aplicación aislada de carbofuran (T2); aplicación aislada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicación aislada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicación combinada de carbofuran y tebuthiuron (T5) y aplicación combinada de benfuracarbe y tebuthiuron (T6). El experimento ha sido sometido a dos evaluaciones, 45 y 90 días después del plantío (DAP) siendo que en la primera, las variables evaluadas fue la altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas y el número de plantas dañinas por florero, y, en la segunda, altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas, número de plantas dañinas; masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea; masa fresca del sistema radicular; población final total de nematodos por florero, calculado por la suma de nematodos en las raíces y suelo. Cuanto al número de hojas, el tratamiento T4 demostró citotoxicidad a los 45 DAP. Los tratamientos T3, T5 y T6 presentaron mayor masa fresca y seca en la parte aérea de la caña, demostraron ausencia de interacción antagónica entre las combinaciones de los herbicidas con los nematicidas a los 90 DAP. Los tratamientos T3 y T5 fueron eficientes en el control poblacional de P. zeae.(AU)

Potencial energético de resíduos sólidos domiciliares do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil / Energy potencial of household solid waste (HSW) in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil

RESUMO A disposição dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) é um desafio na maior parte dos municípios brasileiros, pois é realizada sem tratamento prévio, trazendo inúmeros impactos. A utilização de incineração com recuperação energética possibilita a redução dos impactos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o potencial energético dos RSD do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras no aterro do município para a realização das análises. A caracterização gravimétrica apresentou valores de 0,28 kg kg-1 para os recicláveis, 0,44 kg kg-1 para a matéria orgânica e 0,28kg kg-1 para os rejeitos. Os conteúdos de carbono fixo variaram de 0,06 a 0,09 kg kg-1, os de materiais voláteis de 0,75 a 0,81 kg kg-1 e os de cinzas de 0,10 a 0,18 kg kg-1. E o poder calorífico superior médio apresentou valor elevado, 19.807 kJ kg-1, se comparado com o de resíduos de outras cidades do mundo.

ABSTRACT Household solid waste (HSW) disposition is a challenge for the majority of the Brazilian cities, most held without pretreatment, which causes impacts. Incineration with recovery energy is an alternative to reduce impacts. In this study we analyzed the energy potential of HSW in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected at the municipal landfill for the analysis. Waste gravimetric characterization showed value 0.28 kg kg-1for recyclables, 0.44 kg kg-1for organic matter and 0.28 kg kg-1 for rejects. The fixed carbon content ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 kg kg-1, the volatile materials from 0.75 to 0.81 kg kg-1 and ashes from 0.10 to 0.18 kg kg-1. The average gross calorific value showed high value, 19,807 kJ kg-1, compared to the waste of other cities in the world.

Óleo essencial das folhas e frutos de Schinus terebinthifolius raddi no controle de Pratylenchus zeae / Essential oil from the leaves and fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius raddi in the control of pratylenchus zeae / Aceite esencial de las hojas y frutos de Schinus terebinthifolius raddi en el control de pratylenchus zeae

Os óleos essenciais (OEs) são metabólitos secundários que podem apresentar potencial no controle alternativo de nematoides. Assim objetivou-se testar o OE de pimenta rosa no controle de P. zeae em condições in vitro e na cultura do milho. O OE foi extraído por hidrodestilação, utilizando massa fresca das folhas e frutos maduros. O experimento in vitro foi instalado em arranjo fatorial 8x2, sendo oito concentrações (0,00, 7,80, 15,00, 31,00, 62,00, 125,00, 250,00 e 500,00 µg mL-1) e OE das folhas e dos frutos. As unidades experimentais foram tubos de ensaio com capacidade para 5mL, contendo 1 mL de cada concentração, e 1mL de suspensão de 50 nematoides. Decorrido 48 horas avaliou-se a porcentagem de mortalidade. O experimento em casa de vegetação foi instalado em arranjo fatorial 5x2, sendo cinco concentrações (0,00, 7,8, 15,0, 31,0 e 62,0 µg mL-1) e OEs (Folhas e frutos). As unidades experimentais constituíram-se por vasos com capacidade para 1,5 kg, os quais foram inoculados com 2000 e 1800 nematoides e semeados com sementes de milho tratadas com as concentrações dos OEs. Os OEs e as concentrações avaliadas apresentaram porcentagem de mortalidade em condições in vitro e reduziram a população de P. zeae, em casa de vegetação, o OE dos frutos promoveu maior mortalidade nos testes in vitro. Sendo assim os OEs demonstraram potencial no controle de fitonematoide, porém, há a necessidade de estudos a aplicabilidade dos mesmos.(AU)

Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites that may present potential for an alternative control of nematodes. The purpose of this study was to test the EO of pink peppercorn in the control of P. zeae under in-vitro conditions and in the maize crop. Essential Oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using fresh leaf mass and mature fruits. The in-vitro experiment was installed in an 8x2 factorial arrangement, with eight concentrations (0.00, 7.8, 15.0, 31.0, 62.0, 125.0, 250.0 and 500.0 µg mL-1) and EO from leaves and fruits. The experimental units were 5-mL test tubes containing 1 mL of each concentration and 1 mL of suspension of 50 nematodes. The mortality percentage was evaluated after 48 hours. The greenhouse experiment was installed in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with five concentrations (0.00, 7.8, 15.0, 31.0 and 62.0 µg mL-1) and EOs (leaves and fruits). The experimental units consisted of 1.5-kg capacity vases, which were inoculated with 2000 and 1800 nematodes, and seeded with corn seeds treated with EO concentrations. The EOs and concentrations evaluated presented a mortality percentage under the in-vitro conditions and reduced the P. zeae population in the greenhouse, while the EO from the fruits promoted higher mortality in the in-vitro tests. Therefore, EOs have shown potential in the control of phytonematodes, but further studies are required for their applicability.(AU)

Los aceites esenciales (OEs) son metabolitos secundarios que pueden presentar potencial en el control alternativo de nematodos. Así se objetivó probar el OE de pimienta rosa en el control de P. zeae en condiciones in vitro y en el cultivo del maíz. El OE fue extraído por hidrodestilación utilizando masa fresca de las hojas y frutos maduros. El experimento in vitro fue instalado en un arreglo factorial 8x2, siendo ocho concentraciones (0,00, 7,80, 15,00, 31,00, 62,00, 125,00, 250,00 y 500,00 µg mL-1) y OE de las hojas y de los frutos. Las unidades experimentales fueron tubos de ensayo con capacidad para 5 mL, conteniendo 1 mL de cada concentración, y 1 mL de suspensión de 50 nematodos. Después de 48 horas se evaluó el porcentaje de mortalidad. El experimento en casa de vegetación fue instalado en arreglo factorial 5x2, siendo cinco concentraciones (0,00, 7,8, 15,0, 31,0 y 62,0 µg mL-1) y OEs (Hojas y frutos). Las unidades experimentales se constituyeron por floreras con capacidad para 1,5 kg, los cuales fueron inoculados con 2000 y 1800 nematodos y sembrados con semillas de maíz tratadas con las concentraciones de los OEs. Los OEs y las concentraciones evaluadas presentaron un porcentaje de mortalidad en condiciones in vitro y redujeron la población de P. zeae, en casa de vegetación, el OE de los frutos promovió mayor mortalidad en las pruebas in vitro. Así los OE demostraron potencial en el control de fitonematodos, sin embargo, hay la necesidad de estudios a la aplicabilidad de los mismos.(AU)

Utilização de óleo essencial de duas variedades de laranja na eclosão de Meloidogyne javanica / Use of essential oil from two varieties of orange in the hatching of Meloidogyne javanica / Utilización de aceite esencial de dos variedades de naranja en la eclosión de Meloidogyne javanica

O Brasil é o maior produtor de laranja do mundo. Cultura rica em óleos essenciais de ampla aplicação, como no controle de pragas e patógenos, dentre eles os fitonematoides, causadores de prejuízos relevantes à agricultura. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a porcentagem de eclosão de juvenis de M. javanica submetidos à diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais de duas variedades de laranja, Pêra Rio e Folha Murcha, em condições in vitro. Os óleos essenciais foram extraídos das variedades de laranja (Citrus sinensis) Pêra Rio e Folha Murcha, pela técnica de hidrodestilação. O experimento foi instalado em arranjo fatorial 2X8, DIC, sendo oito concentrações (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 µg mL-1) e dois tipos de OE, avaliados em três períodos (4 e 16 dias). Em cada unidade experimental, tubos de ensaio 10x75 mm, adicionou-se 1 mL de suspensão de nematoides contendo 50 ovos e 1 mL de emulsão para cada concentração, avaliando-se a porcentagem de juvenis eclodidos. As concentrações dos óleos essenciais das variedades influenciaram (p≤0,05) na porcentagem de eclosão de juvenis de M. javanica, em todos os períodos avaliados. Para a maioria das concentrações, aos quatro e 16 dias, o óleo essencial da var. Pêra Rio foi mais eficiente na redução da eclosão, quando comparado a var. Folha Murcha.(AU)

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges in the world. This crop is rich in essential oils which are used in a wide range of applications, such as controlling pests and pathogens. Phytonematodes are among such pests, and are responsible for causing harmful damages to agriculture. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of hatching of M. javanica juveniles submitted to different concentrations of orange essential oil under in-vitro conditions. Oils were extracted from two varieties of orange (Citrus sinensis) popularly known in Brazil as Pera Rio and Folha Murcha, using the hydro-distillation technique. The experiment was carried out in a 2X8 factorial arrangement, at eight concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg mL-1) and two types of essential oils, evaluated in two periods (4 and 16 days). In each experimental unit, 10x75-mm test tubes received 1-mL nematode suspension containing 50 eggs and 1-mL of emulsion added for each concentration. Then, the percentage of hatched juveniles was evaluated. The concentration of essential oils from the varieties influenced (p≤0.05) the percentage of hatching of M. javanica juveniles in all evaluated periods. For most concentrations, at 4 and 16 days, the Pera Rio variety was more efficient at reducing hatching when compared to the Folha Murcha variety.(AU)

Brasil es el mayor productor de naranja del mundo. Cultura rica en aceites esenciales de amplia aplicación, como en el control de plagas y patógenos, entre ellos los fitonematodos, causantes de perjuicios relevantes a la agricultura. Así, el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el porcentaje de eclosión de juveniles de M. javanica sometidos a diferentes concentraciones de aceites esenciales de dos variedades de naranja, Pera Río y Hoja Mustia, en condiciones in vitro. Los aceites esenciales fueron extraídos de las variedades de naranja (Citrus sinensis) Pera Río y Hoja Mustia, por la técnica de hidrodestilación. El experimento fue instalado en un arreglo factorial 2x8, DIC, siendo ocho concentraciones (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 y 500 µg mL-1) y dos tipos de OE, evaluados en tres períodos (4 y 16 días). En cada unidad experimental, tubos de ensayo 10x75 mm, se añadieron 1 mL de suspensión de nematodos conteniendo 50 huevos y 1 mL de emulsión para cada concentración, evaluando el porcentaje de juveniles eclosionados. Las concentraciones de los aceites esenciales de las variedades influenciaron (p≤0,05) en el porcentaje de eclosión de juveniles de M. javanica, en todos los períodos evaluados. Para la mayoría de las concentraciones, a los cuatro y 16 días, el aceite esencial de la var. Pera Río fue más eficiente en la reducción de la eclosión, cuando comparado a var. Hoja Mustia.(AU)

Atividade residual e carência irregular do ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) no desenvolvimento inicial da soja / Residual activity and irregular depletion of dichlorophenoxyactic acid (2, 4-d) in the early development of soybean / Actividad residual y carencia irregular del ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) en el desarrollo inicial de la soja

O 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) é amplamente utilizado no controle seletivo, pós-emergência, de plantas de folha estreita, como trigo, milho, arroz, entre outras. Contudo seu uso indiscriminado pode ocasionar problemas no desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os danos causados pelo uso inadequado do 2,4-D no desenvolvimento inicial da soja (Glycine max). Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de cinco períodos de carência: um, quatro, oito, 12 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja e duas doses de aplicação: a dose recomendada e a dose duplicada (L/ha), consistindo em um esquema fatorial 5x2 com três repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas por 44 dias, e em seguida coletadas e analisadas quanto à taxa de germinação (%), número de rebrota, índice de clorofila, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea (cm), massa seca e fresca (g). A dose duplicada revelou maior efeito sobre todas as variáveis analisadas, reduzindo em 20% a porcentagem de emergência. O índice de clorofila decresceu quando comparados o menor período de carência (um dia) e o maior (15 dias), e na dose duplicada. A massa seca também foi superior na dose recomendada, assim como o comprimento da raiz e da parte aérea. Os períodos de carência de um, quatro e oito dias foram os que mais influenciaram o crescimento da raiz.

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used in the selective, post-emergence control of narrow-leaf plants such as wheat, corn, and rice, among others. However, its uncontrolled use can cause problems in the development of the crop. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the damage caused by the inadequate use of 2,4-D in the early development of soybean (Glycine max). The treatments consisted of a combination of five grace periods: 1, 4, 8, 12 and 15 days before sowing; and two application doses: the recommended dose and a duplicate dose (L/ha), consisting of a factorial matrix of 5x2, with three replicates. The plants were cultivated for 44 days, then collected and analyzed for germination rate (%), regrowth number, chlorophyll index, root and shoot length (cm), dry and fresh mass (g). The duplicate dose showed a greater effect on all analyzed variables, reducing the emergency percentage by 20%. The chlorophyll index decreased when compared to the shortest (1 day) and longest (15 days) grace periods, and in the duplicate dose. Dry mass was also higher when using the recommended dose, as well as the root and shoot length. Grace periods of 1, 4 and 8 days were the ones that were most influenced the root growth.

El 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) es ampliamente utilizado en el control selectivo, pos emergencia, de plantas de hoja estrecha, como trigo, maíz, arroz, entre otras. Sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado puede ocasionar problemas en el desarrollo de la cultura. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los daños causados por el uso inadecuado del 2,4-D en el desarrollo inicial de la soja (Glycine max). Los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco períodos de carencia: 1, 4, 8, 12 y 15 días antes de la siembra de la soja y dos dosis de aplicación: la dosis recomendada y la dosis duplicada (L/ha), consistente en un esquema factorial 5x2 con tres repeticiones. Las plantas fueron cultivadas por 44 días, y luego recolectadas y analizadas en cuanto a la tasa de germinación (%), número de rebrote, índice de clorofila, longitud de raíz y parte aérea (cm), masa seca y fresca (g). La dosis duplicada reveló un mayor efecto sobre todas las variables analizadas, reduciendo en un 20% el porcentaje de emergencia. El índice de clorofila disminuyó cuando se comparó el menor período de carencia (1 día) y el mayor (15 días), y en la dosis duplicada. La masa seca también fue superior en la dosis recomendada, así como la longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea. Los períodos de carencia de 1, 4 y 8 días fueron los que más influenciaron el crecimiento de la raíz.