Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.(AU)

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.

Notas preliminares de uma crítica feminista aos programas de transferência direta de renda: o caso do Bolsa Família no Brasil / Preliminary notes of a feminist critique to income transference programs: the case of “Bolsa Familia” in Brazil

Nos últimos anos, os programas de “luta contra a pobreza” e transferência direta de renda estão presentes na maioria dos países latino-americanos. A partir do primeiro ano de governo do presidente Lula (2003), o Brasil enfatiza esta forma de política social, ao unificar diferentes modelos de transferência do governo anterior (1995-2002) em um só programa: o Bolsa Família. O artigo em questão busca expor a crítica da regulação da pobreza e o impacto das condicionalidades referentes a esta lógica de intervenção na reprodução social de um grupo específico. A relação entre o Estado e as mulheres – responsáveis únicas pelo sustento financeiro de suas casas e, majoritariamente, as maiores beneficiárias destes programas – é caracterizada por atravessamentos em termos de classe social, gênero e raça. Ao apresentar a perspectiva feminista, o artigo procura abrir uma série de questões ao analisar como as condicionalidades impostas pelo Programa Bolsa Família tendem a naturalizar o papel reprodutivo das mulheres na sociedade brasileira, limitando seu espaço de agenciamento e emancipação.

In the last few years, programs designated to “fights against poverty” and conditional cash transfers are a reality in most Latin-American countries. Starting in the first year of president’s Lula (2003), Brazil puts an emphasis in this type of social policy when it unifies different cash transfers from the previous government (1995-2002) in the same program: Bolsa Família. This article aims to expose the criticism regard the regulation of poverty and the impact on conditionalities referents to this logic of intervention in the social reproduction of a specific group. The relationship between the State and women – sole responsible for the financial budget of their houses and the main beneficiaries of the program – is characterized by their social class, gender and race. The feminist perspective aims to analyze questions on how the conditionalities of the Programa Bolsa Família end up naturalizing the reproductive role of women in Brazilian society, limiting their agency and emancipation.