Role of fibroblast growth factor-23 as an early marker of metabolic bone disease of prematurity.

PURPOSE: Metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) remains a significant cause of morbidity in extremely premature newborns. In high-risk patients, suspected diagnosis and subsequent treatment modifications, with limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity, rely on low phosphorus levels and/or high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We investigated the potential of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) as an early marker for MBDP when measured at 3-4 weeks of life in at-risk patients. METHODS: A single-center prospective observational non-interventional study including preterm newborns of both sexes, with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks and/or a birth weight of less than 1500 g. In the standard biochemical screening for MBDP performed between 3 and 4 weeks of life within a nutritional profile, the determination of FGF23 was included along with other clinical and metabolic studies. The study was conducted at Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital in Santander, Spain, from April 2020 to March 2021. Participants provided informed consent. Biochemical analyses were conducted using various platforms, and follow-up evaluations were performed at the discretion of neonatologists. Patients at high risk for MBDP received modifications in treatment accordingly. The sample was descriptively analyzed, presenting measures of central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables, and absolute numbers/percentages for categorical ones. Tests used included t-tests, Mann‒Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, logistic regressions, Pearson correlation, and ROC curve analysis (IBM SPSS Statistics version 19). Significance level: P < 0.05. RESULTS: In the study involving 25 at-risk premature newborns, it was found that 20% (n = 5) were diagnosed with MBDP. Three of these patients (60%) were identified as high-risk based on standard biochemical evaluation at 3-4 weeks of age, while the other two patients (40%) were diagnosed in subsequent weeks. However, in all 5 patients, measurement of FGF23 levels would allow for early identification and optimization of treatment before other markers become altered. Low levels of FGF23 at 3-4 weeks, even with normal phosphorus and ALP levels, indicate the need for modifications in nutritional supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: MBDP remains a significant concern in extremely premature newborns. Current diagnostic methods rely on limited biochemical markers. Early detection of low FGF23 levels enables timely interventions, potentially averting demineralization.

Sex hormones and the total testosterone:estradiol ratio as predictors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in hospitalized men.

BACKGROUND: The predictive ability of the early determination of sex steroids and the total testosterone:estradiol ratio for the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 or the potential existence of a biological gradient in this relationship has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship of sex steroid levels and the total testosterone:estradiol ratio with the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in men, defined as the need for intensive care unit admission or death, and the predictive ability of each biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. We included all consecutive adult men with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in a single center admitted to a general hospital ward or to the intensive care unit. Sex steroids were evaluated at the centralized laboratory of our hospital. RESULTS: We recruited 98 patients, 54 (55.1%) of whom developed severe coronavirus disease in 2019. Compared to patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019, patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 had significantly lower serum levels of total testosterone (111 ± 89 vs. 191 ± 143 ng/dL; p < 0.001), dehydroepiandrosterone (1.69 ± 1.26 vs. 2.96 ± 2.64 ng/mL; p < 0.001), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (91.72 ± 76.20 vs. 134.28 ± 98.261 µg/dL; p = 0.009), significantly higher levels of estradiol (64.61 ± 59.35 vs. 33.78 ± 13.78 pg/mL; p = 0.001), and significantly lower total testosterone:estradiol ratio (0.28 ± 0.31 vs. 0.70 ± 0.75; p < 0.001). The lower the serum level of androgen and the lower the total testosterone:estradiol ratio values, the higher the likelihood of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019, with the linear trend in the adjusted analyses being statistically significant for all parameters except for androstenedione (p = 0.064). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, better predictive performance was shown by the total testosterone:estradiol ratio, with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.68-0.87; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that men with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, decreased androgen levels and increased estradiol levels have a higher likelihood of developing an unfavorable outcome. The total testosterone:estradiol ratio showed the best predictive ability.

Buccopharyngeal route administered high polyphenolic olive oil and COVID-19: A pilot clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need for additional effective COVID-19 treatments. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which can prevent SARS-CoV-2 main immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections using an enteral route, which point to potential effects on time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. SUMMARY: This pilot clinical trial investigated the effect of buccopharyngeal administered high polyphenolic olive oil on COVID-19 incidence, duration, and severity. IMPORTANCE: Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need of further research for additional effective treatments for COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: Immunomodulation of local immune response at the buccopharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which would in turn difficult SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections, using an enteral route, which suggest potential shortening of time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Double blind, randomized pilot clinical trial conducted at a single site, Talavera de la Reina, Spain. Potential study participants were identified by simple random sampling from the epidemiological database of contact patients recently diagnosed of COVID-19 during the study period. A total of 88 adult participants were enrolled and 84 completed the 3-month study, conducted between July 1, 2021 and August 31, 2022. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to receive oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil, 2 mL twice a day for 3 months or no treatment. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were incidence, duration, and severity of COVID-19 after intervention. RESULTS: There were no differences in incidence between both groups but there were significant differences in duration, the median time to resolution of symptoms was 3 days in the high polyphenolic olive oil group compared with 7 days in the no-treatment group. Although time to resolution is directly related to severity, this study did not find any differences in severity. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Among full-vaccinated adults recent infected with COVID-19, a daily intake of tiny quantities of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil before infection significantly improved the time to symptom resolution. This finding strongly support the appropriateness of further deep research on the use of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil as an effective immune strategy against COVID-19.

TNF Inhibitors Exert a "Hidden" Beneficial Effect in the Cardiovascular Lipoprotein Profile of RA Patients.

Purpose: A high cardiovascular risk has been described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); the effects of different biological agents have also been described in these patients. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in the lipoprotein profile of RA patients using a broad laboratory assessment including a large number of non-routine tests. Patients and Methods: RA patients treated with and without TNFi (70 patients in each group) were cross-sectionally compared regarding a broad spectrum of lipoprotein parameters including serum levels of total and HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol triglycerides, lipoprotein A (LpA), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A), B100 (Apo B) and paroxonase. For each lipoprotein subfraction (HDL, LDL and VLDL), we assess specific concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and proteins and total mass of each one. Additionally, HDL Apo A, LDL and VLDL Apo B concentrations and number of particles of LDL and VLDL were also determined. Exploratory univariate and multivariate analyses of the different variables were performed. Results: Seventy patients in each subset were enrolled. Patients on treatment with TNFi showed a trend to be younger and to have a longer disease duration. Regarding the lipoprotein analyses, borderline significant higher levels of serum Apo A were detected and an independent association with lower HDL mass, LDL triglyceride, VLDL cholesterol, VLDL Apo B, VLDL mass, number of VLDL cholesterol molecules and number of particles of VLDL was clearly observed. Conclusion: TNFi treatment was associated with beneficial atherogenic effects at the lipoprotein level especially centered in the VLDL-related parameters consistent with a reduction of the atherogenic risk.

Mild Hypophosphatemia-Associated Conditions in Children: The Need for a Comprehensive Approach.

To better understand the causes of hypophosphatemia in children, we evaluated all serum phosphate tests performed in a tertiary hospital with unexpected but persistent temporary or isolated hypophosphatemia over an 18 year period. We collected 29,279 phosphate tests from 21,398 patients, of which 268 (1.2%) had at least one result showing hypophosphatemia. We found that endocrinopathies (n = 60), tumors (n = 10), and vitamin D deficiency (n = 3) were the medical conditions most commonly associated with mild hypophosphatemia, but in many patients the cause was unclear. Among patients with endocrinopathies, those with diabetes mellitus were found to have lower mean serum phosphate levels (mean 3.4 mg/dL) than those with short stature (3.7 mg/dL) or thyroid disorders (3.7 mg/dL). In addition, we found a correlation between glycemia and phosphatemia in patients with diabetes. However, despite the potential relevance of monitoring phosphate homeostasis and the underlying etiologic mechanisms, renal phosphate losses were estimated in less than 5% of patients with hypophosphatemia. In the pediatric age group, malignancies, hypovitaminosis D, and endocrine disorders, mostly diabetes, were the most common causes of hypophosphatemia. This real-world study also shows that hypophosphatemia is frequently neglected and inadequately evaluated by pediatricians, which emphasizes the need for more education and awareness about this condition to prevent its potentially deleterious consequences.

Modified Serum ALP Values and Timing of Apparition of Knee Epiphyseal Ossification Centers in Preterm Infants with Cholestasis and Risk of Concomitant Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity.

The usefulness of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphorous in screening and monitoring of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) still has some limitations, especially in preterm infants with concomitant conditions such as cholestasis. We aimed to assess a modification of serum ALP (M-ALP) as a biomarker for MBDP in preterm infants, and the use of ultrasound monitoring for the apparition of knee ossification centers as marker of bone mineralization. Biochemical and clinical registers were taken from 94 preterm newborns <32 weeks. A significant correlation existed between serum ALP and direct bilirubin (DB), expressed by the regression equation: M-ALP (IU/L) = 302.1 + 96.9 (DB (mg/dL)). The ratio ALP/M-ALP > 1 was demonstrated to be more specific (87.5%) in the diagnosis of MBDP than the cut-off value of serum ALP > 500 IU/L (62.5%). ALP/M-ALP > 1 showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of MBDP, and a good correlation with specific bone ALP (B-ALP). Patients with the knee nucleus by post-menstrual week 37 had lower B-ALP compared to patients with no nucleus, and no patients with MBDP presented the nucleus by the 40th week. In the absence of reliable specific B-ALP, reinterpreting serum ALP values by M-ALP plus monitoring of knee ossification centers contribute to better management of MBDP in preterm infants with cholestasis.

Chronic kidney disease staging with cystatin C or creatinine-based formulas: flipping the coin.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10-13% of the population worldwide. CKD classification stratifies patients in five stages of risk for progressive renal disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by formulas and albuminuria. However, the reliability of formulas to reflect real renal function is a matter of debate. The effect of the error of formulas in the CKD classification is unclear, particularly for cystatin C-based equations. Methods: We evaluated the reliability of a large number of cystatin C and/or creatinine-based formulas in the definition of the stages of CKD in 882 subjects with different clinical situations over a wide range of glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) (4.2-173.7 mL/min). Results: Misclassification was a constant for all 61 formulas evaluated and averaged 50% for creatinine-based and 35% for cystatin C-based equations. Most of the cases were misclassified as one stage higher or lower. However, in 10% of the subjects, one stage was skipped and patients were classified two stages above or below their real stage. No clinically relevant improvement was observed with cystatin C-based formulas compared with those based on creatinine. Conclusions: The error in the classification of CKD stages by formulas was extremely common. Our study questions the reliability of both cystatin C and creatinine-based formulas to correctly classify CKD stages. Thus the correct classification of CKD stages based on estimated GFR is a matter of chance. This is a strong limitation in evaluating the severity of renal disease, the risk for progression and the evolution of renal dysfunction over time.

Computational fluid dynamics evaluation of excessive dynamic airway collapse.

BACKGROUND: Excessive dynamic airway collapse, which is often caused by the collapse of the posterior membrane wall during exhalation, is often misdiagnosed with other diseases; stents can provide support for the collapsing airways. The standard pulmonary function tests do not necessarily show change in functional breathing condition for evaluation of these type of diseases. METHODS: Flow characteristics through a patient's airways with excessive dynamic airway collapse have been numerically investigated. A stent was placed to support the collapsing airway and to improve breathing conditions. Computed tomography images of the patient's pre- and post-stenting were used for generating 3-Dimensional models of the airways, and were imported into a computational fluid dynamics software for simulation of realistic air flow behavior. Unsteady simulations of the inspiratory phase and expiratory phase were performed with patient-specific boundary conditions for pre- and post-intervention cases to investigate the effect of stent placement on flow characteristic and possible improvements. FINDINGS: Results of post-stent condition show reduced pressure, velocity magnitude and wall shear stress during expiration. The variation in wall shear stress, velocity magnitude and pressure drop is negligible during inspiration. INTERPRETATION: Although Spirometry tests do not show significant improvements, computational fluid dynamics results show significant improvements in pre- and post-treatment results, suggesting improvement in breathing condition.

Influencia del estado de yodación sobre la función tiroidea materna durante la gestación / Influence of iodine status on maternal thyroid function during pregnancy

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Impacto del empleo de umbrales específicos de referencia en el diagnóstico de las alteraciones funcionales tiroideas en la mujer gestante / Impact of using specific reference intervals on the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy

Objetivo: Establecer los umbrales específicos de referencia de cada uno de los parámetros de función tiroidea en cada trimestre de la gestación y determinar el impacto del uso de umbrales no específicos en el diagnóstico de las alteraciones funcionales en el primer trimestre. Métodos: Entre enero y septiembre de 2014 se contactaron 759 mujeres embarazadas con edad mayor de 18 años y sin alteraciones funcionales tiroideas conocidas. Tras excluir a todas las pacientes que no completaron el seguimiento durante toda la gestación y las que presentaron inmunidad tiroidea positiva, 411 gestantes configuraron nuestra población de referencia. Se determinaron los niveles de TSH, T4L y T3L en cada trimestre, los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea y antitiroglobulina en el primero y se recogió una muestra de orina en los trimestres primero y tercero para la determinación del yodo urinario. Resultados: Un total de 411 gestantes completaron el seguimiento en los 3 trimestres. Un 38,69% consumían sal yodada y un 72,20% suplementos yodados. Los valores de referencia de TSH expresados como mediana y percentiles 2,5 y 97,5 fueron: 1,53 μUI/ml (0,26-3,95), 1,90 μUI/ml (0,78-3,85) y 1,89 μUI/ml (0,71-3,61) en el primer, segundo y tercer trimestre, respectivamente. El nivel de yoduria fue de 171,31 μg/l (90,7-274,9) en el primer trimestre y de 190,37 μg/l (96,44-360,38) en el tercero. La aplicación en el primer trimestre de los umbrales propuestos por las sociedades internacionales ocasionaría una clasificación errónea del 19,8% de las gestantes en relación con su función tiroidea, mientras que los umbrales no específicos de nuestro laboratorio lo harían en el 8,52%. Conclusiones: La utilización de umbrales no específicos para el diagnóstico de las alteraciones funcionales tiroideas durante la gestación ocasiona un importante porcentaje de errores de clasificación, contribuyendo a una atención inadecuada.

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¿Podemos utilizar la apolipoproteína B en la toma de decisiones para la intervención en el riesgo cardiovascular de pacientes con triglicéridos elevados? / Can apolipoprotein B be used for making decisions on cardiovascular risk prevention in patients with raised triglycerides?

Objetivo. Analizar el valor predictivo de diversas aproximaciones: cuantificación de la concentración de apolipoproteína B (apoB), estimación del cLDLf y estimación del no-cHDL, como predictivos de elevaciones de la magnitud de la concentración de cLDL. Material y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico transversal en el que se han analizado las muestras rutinarias de 6.094 pacientes consecutivos. En cada paciente se ha cuantificado el cLDL mediante una técnica de ultracentrifugación de rutina (cLDLu) y la concentración de apoB por uno de los métodos inmunológicos estandarizados y se ha estimado el cLDLf y el no-cHDL. Las magnitudes obtenidas han sido utilizadas para analizar sus valores predictivos del cLDLu en función de tres grupos de concentración de Tg (<200, entre 200 y 400 y más de 400mg/dL) y los grupos de riesgo definidos por el ATPIII (cLDL>70, 100, 130 o 160mg/dL). Resultados y conclusiones. Con todas las magnitudes analizadas se obtiene un buen valor predictivo positivo, variable para las diferentes concentraciones de Tg y que es máximo para la apoB con puntos de corte de alta especificidad (AE). Las estimaciones con cLDLf infraestiman la situación de riesgo del paciente, mientras que las que utilizan el no-cHDL la sobreestiman. Conclusión. En pacientes con Tg<200mg/dL puede utilizarse prácticamente sin riesgo la fórmula de Friedewald; en pacientes con Tg elevados es recomendable la apoB (puntos de corte de AE) como predictor positivo y el no-cHDL como predictor negativo (AU)

Objective. To analyse the predictive value of several approaches to cardiovascular risk prevention: measuring apolipoprotein B concentrations (apoB), estimation of fractionated LDL cholesterol (cLDLf) and non-HDL cholesterol (HDLc), to predict increases in LDL cholesterol. Material and Methods. Cross-sectional multicentre study in which routine samples from 6094 consecutive patients were analysed. In each patient, LDLc was quantified by routine ultracentrifugation technique (LDLu) and apoB concentrations by a standard immunological method. We also estimated the LDLf and non-HDLc. The values obtained were used to analyse the predictive values of unfractionated LDL cholesterol (cLDLu) into three groups according to their triglyceride concentration (<200, between 200 and 400 and 400mg/dL) and risk groups as defined by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines (LDL-C> 70, 100, 130 or 160mg/dL). Results and conclusions. With all the variables analysed we obtained a good positive predictive value, which varied according to the triglyceride concentrations, with the highest values being obtained for apoB with high specificity cut-off points (AE). Calculations with LDLf values underestimate the patient's risk, while those using non-HDLc overestimate it. Conclusion. The Friedewald formula can be used practically without risk in patients with triglycerides below 200mg/dL. In patients with elevated triglycerides, apoB (AE cut-off points) is recommended as a positive predictor, and non-HDLc as a negative predictor (AU)

Markers of inflammation before and during peritoneal dialysis.

In this study, we compared changes in inflammatory markers-C-reactive protein (CRP), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), serum component of amyloid A (SAA), and procalcitonin (PCT)-in 182 subjects: 69 from the general population (GP), 47 with CKD, 19 with an implanted intra-abdominal catheter for peritoneal dialysis ("prePD"), and 47 on peritoneal dialysis (PD). These were the results [median (95% confidence interval)] for the GP CKD, prePD, and PD groups respectively: CRP: 1.40 mg/L (1.15-2.10 mg/L), 5.30 mg/L (3.04-8.06 mg/L), 3.33 mg/L (2.15-12.58 mg/L), 7.25 mg/L (4.43-15.16 mg/L). SAA: 3.10 mg/L (2.90-3.53 mg/L), 7.77 mg/L (4.17-15.83 mg/L), 7.30 mg/L (4.81-10.96 mg/L), 9.14 mg/L (5.31-23.54 mg/L). PCT: 0.028 ng/mL (0.022-0.032 ng/mL), 0.121 ng/mL (0.094-0.166 ng/mL), 0.160 ng/mL (0.090-0.277 ng/mL), 0.363 ng/mL (0.222-0.481 ng/mL). PTX3: 0.54 ng/mL (0.33-0.62 ng/mL), 0.71 ng/ mL (0.32-1.50 ng/mL), 0.56 ng/mL (0.44-1.00 ng/ mL), 1.04 ng/mL (0.65-1.56 ng/mL). After catheter insertion, CRP showed a nonsignificant declining trend that disappeared throughout PD. The behavior of SAA was similar to that of CRP and was not modified by the changes induced by the start of PD. An increase in PTX3 was observed only with PD, which may be related to a local proinflammatory state caused by PD solution. We can conclude that catheter insertion for PD does not account for most of the local inflammatory changes observed in PD patients.

Inflammation markers, chronic kidney disease, and renal replacement therapy.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a proinflammatory state and an excess of cardiovascular risk. In this work, we describe changes in inflammatory markers-C-reactive protein (CRP), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), serum component of amyloid A (SAA), and procalcitonin (PCT)--in CKD patients compared with a control group of subjects with a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Blood samples were obtained from 69 healthy individuals (GP) and 70 end-stage CKD patients--25 not yet on dialysis, 22 on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 23 on hemodialysis (HD). These were the results [median (95% confidence interval)] for the GP CKD, PD, and HD groups respectively: CRP: 1.40 mg/L (1.19-2.11 mg/L), 6.50 mg/L (3.57-8.32mg/L), 7.60 mg/L (2.19-22.10mg/L), 9.60 mg/L (6.62-16.38 mg/L). SAA: 3.10 mg/L (2.90-3.53 mg/L), 7.11 mg/L (3.81-15.40mg/L), 9.69 mg/L (5.07-29.47mg/L), 15.90 mg/L (6.80-37.48 mg/L). PCT: 0.03 ng/mL (0.02-0.03 ng/mL), 0.12 ng/mL (0.09-0.16 ng/mL), 0.32 ng/mL (0.20-0.46 ng/ mL), 0.79 ng/mL (0.45-0.99 ng/mL). PTX3: 0.54 ng/mL (0.33-0.62 ng/mL), 0.71 ng/ mL (0.32-1.50 ng/mL), 1.52 ng/mL (0.65-2.13 ng/mL), 1.67 ng/mL (1.05-2.27 ng/mL). Compared with levels in the GP group, levels of SAA and CRP (systemic response) were significantly higher in CKD patients on and not on dialysis. Levels of PTX3 were higher only in dialyzed patients, significantly so in those on HD (greatly different from the CRP levels). These differing levels might be related to a local reaction caused by an invasive intervention (PD or HD). As eGFR declines and with the start of renal replacement therapy, PCT increases. Levels of PCT could potentially cause confusion when these patients are being evaluated for the presence of infection, and may also demonstrate some microvascular implications of dialysis therapy.

Papel de la edad en respuesta IgE frente a helmintos en niños de ambiente rural / Paper of the age in answer IgE in front of the helminths in children of rural atmosphere

A nivel mundial hay una alta prevalencia, mayor del 90 por ciento, de helmintiasis intestinales. Estos tienen una gran carga antigénica capaz de introducir una respuesta inmunológica policlonal mediada por IgE. Se verificó la prevalencia de la helmíntiasis intestinales en una población de ambiente rural. Se determinó e investigó la capacidad de establecer una respuesta de IgE total e IgE específica en niños lactantes comparada con niños en edad escolar de la misma población. Para ello se utilizó una población de 29 niños lactantes Vs 74 niños de edad escolar de Guiria Edo. Sucre. Se realizaron exámenes de heces directo simple y medición de los niveles de IgE total e IgE anti Ascaris, ambas en suero, por el método de ELISA. Se obtuvo como resultado una alta prevalencia de helmintiasis intestinal en ambos grupos con predominio de Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y Stronooides stercoralis; lo que indica un contacto con los mísmos a muy temprana edad. Se encontraron niveles muy elevados de IgE total, no estadísticamente diferentes, entre ambos grupos; a diferencia de bajos de IgE total en los lactantes y preescolares. En cuanto a los niveles de IgE anti Ascaris los resultados fueron signíficativamente diferentes, mayores en los niños escolares que en los lactantes; lo que sugiere un papel importante de la maduración de la inmunidad para lograr una especificidad de la respuesta humoral, así como la interrelación de otros factores tanto social como ambientales (patrón multifactoria)

Relación entre IhA secretora, atopía y estres en niños asmáticos de la Isla de Coche / Relationship between the IgA secretory atopia and stress in asthmatis children of the island of Coche

La IgA es fundamental en la homéostasis de las mucosas y mediante el proceso de esclusión inmune evita el paso de macromoléculas alergénicas desde el tracto gastrointestinal; se modifica por factores diversos, como estress y el sistema neuroendocrino; y guarda relación con el asma bronquial, junto a factores inmunes, ambientales y psicológicos. Se evaluó 72 niños en edad preescolar y escolar de el Cardón, Isla de Coche, parasitados por helmintos y alta incidencia de asma; y 20 niños de Carapita, Caracas no asmáticos. Se determinaron niveles de IgA secretora en saliva, IgE total en suero y CD23s por el método de ElISA; expresión de receptores de membrana CD20 y CD23 por citometría de flujo; y niveles de stress emocional por la prueba de Madeleine Thomas. Se buscó relacionar IgAs con la presencia de atopia, asma, infecciones helmínticas intestinales y factores psicológicos como la ansiedad. Se encontraron mayores de IgAs en los niños atápicos (Isla de Coche) que en los atópicos (Carapita), y una evaluación global de las IgAs junto con IgE en el primer grupo. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre el grupo de parasitados y no parasitados en cuanto a IgAs aunque sí mayor nivel de IgE en los parasitados. Se evidenció mayores concentraciones de CD23s en los asmáticos. Los niveles de IgAs fueron menores en los niños inversamente sus valores con el número de crisis en el grupo de asmáticos y también con sus niveles de ansiedad

El aprendizaje basado en problemas en la formación de profesionales de la salud, Rionegro-Antioquia: 1996 / problems based learning -PBL- in health professional formation

Investigación realizada en el Programa UNI-Rionegro con docentes y estudiantes de enfermería, medicina, odontología, bacteriología, y nutrición y dietética de la Universidad de Antioquia, la cual se trazó como objetivos: Reunir desde una experiencia de enseñanza de Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas -ABP- elementos conceptuales y metodológicos orientados a la construcción de un currículo problematizador, observar resultados en el campo del conocimiento declarativo y en habilidades para resolver problemas, observar resultados de formación interdisciplinaria y detectar fortalezas y debilidades del ABP en esta formación con participación de la comunidad. Como variable independiente operó un tratamiento triple: ABP, interdisciplinariedad, y participación comunitaria. Como variables dependientes se observaron efectos del tratamiento sobre aprendizajes específicos de los participantes, desarrollo de la habilidad de problemas, desempeño del trabajo interdisciplinario, vinculación de la comunidad a la solución de problemas, actitud de estudiantes y docentes frente al método. Las poblaciones para evaluar efectos de las variables dependientes fueron estudiantes y docentes de las profesiones antes mencionadas, y madres comunitarias de los hogares infantiles. Paralelamente a la muestra experimental se seleccionó una muestra control de estudiantes de las mismas carreras y semestres, que asistieron a otros campos de práctica bajo metodologías convencionales. Para obtener información sobre las variables dependientes se construyó una escala de actitudes y una prueba de habilidades.A partir de un problema central los estudiantes generaron subproblemas desde cuatro núcleos: Diagnóstico de hogares infantiles, promoción de la salud, crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y trabajo interdisciplinario y en equipo. Estos típicos fueron abordados por medio de documentación, observación directa, relacionamiento, explicación y generación de nuevos subproblemas. El diseño metodológico trabajó un esquema mixto cuali-cuantitativo. Para la variable habilidades, se manejó un diseño cuasiexperimental y el análisis final se adelantó entre promedios de ganancias pretest - postest de grupos experimental y control. Para las otras variables se trabajó un diseño cualitativo de construcción de categorídas conceptuales y análisis de las mismas, teniendo como norte los propósitos de la investigación.