A Global Systematic Literature Review of Ecosystem Services in Reef Environments.

Ecosystem services (ES) embrace contributions of nature to human livelihood and well-being. Reef environments provide a range of ES with direct and indirect contributions to people. However, the health of reef environments is declining globally due to local and large-scale threats, affecting ES delivery in different ways. Mapping scientific knowledge and identifying research gaps on reefs' ES is critical to guide their management and conservation. We conducted a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed articles published between 2007 and 2022 to build an overview of ES research on reef environments. We analyzed the geographical distribution, reef types, approaches used to assess ES, and the potential drivers of change in ES delivery reported across these studies. Based on 115 articles, our results revealed that coral and oyster reefs are the most studied reef ecosystems. Cultural ES (e.g., subcategories recreation and tourism) was the most studied ES in high-income countries, while regulating and maintenance ES (e.g., subcategory life cycle maintenance) prevailed in low and middle-income countries. Research efforts on reef ES are biased toward the Global North, mainly North America and Oceania. Studies predominantly used observational approaches to assess ES, with a marked increase in the number of studies using statistical modeling during 2021 and 2022. The scale of studies was mostly local and regional, and the studies addressed mainly one or two subcategories of reefs' ES. Overexploitation, reef degradation, and pollution were the most commonly cited drivers affecting the delivery of provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cultural ES. With increasing threats to reef environments, the growing demand for assessing the contributions to humans provided by reefs will benefit the projections on how these ES will be impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The incorporation of multiple and synergistic ecosystem mechanisms is paramount to providing a comprehensive ES assessment, and improving the understanding of functions, services, and benefits.

When One Health Meets the United Nations Ocean Decade: Global Agendas as a Pathway to Promote Collaborative Interdisciplinary Research on Human-Nature Relationships.

Strong evidence shows that exposure and engagement with the natural world not only improve human wellbeing but can also help promote environmentally friendly behaviors. Human-nature relationships are at the heart of global agendas promoted by international organizations including the World Health Organization's (WHO) "One Health" and the United Nations (UN) "Ocean Decade." These agendas demand collaborative multisector interdisciplinary efforts at local, national, and global levels. However, while global agendas highlight global goals for a sustainable world, developing science that directly addresses these agendas from design through to delivery and outputs does not come without its challenges. In this article, we present the outcomes of international meetings between researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers from the United Kingdom and Brazil. We propose a model for interdisciplinary work under such global agendas, particularly the interface between One Health and the UN Ocean Decade and identify three priority research areas closely linked to each other: human-nature connection, conservation-human behavior, and implementation strategies (bringing stakeholders together). We also discuss a number of recommendations for moving forward.

The Dynamics of Multiscale Institutional Complexes: the Case of the São Paulo Macrometropolitan Region.

The concept of institutional interplay (i.e., the interaction between institutions) is critical if the challenges to multilevel governance are to be better understood and addressed. Drawing on the literature on institutional interplay, this paper develops an analytical approach to examine challenges to multilevel coastal governance. São Paulo Macrometropolitan region (MMP, in Portuguese) is used to ground the empirical analysis. The macrometropolitan is one of the largest urban areas in the Southern Hemisphere; it houses the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo-one of the six most significant in the world. The MMP concentrates critical infrastructure, such as ports, airports, and roads, and considerable knowledge, technology, and innovation hubs. The coastal governance in the MMP area characterizes a highly connected multilevel system formed by 60 organizations (7 international, 29 national, 11 state, and 13 local). These comprised a complex environment featuring a great deal of fragmentation, and, consequently, jurisdictional and functional gaps and overlaps. This case was best described in terms of normative, functional, and political interplay. Interplay management has the potential to improve governance on the cross-level interactions among scale-dependent institutions of the MMP, enhancing synergies, and minimizing tensions among the institutions analyzed. This includes fostering cognitive interaction (i.e., promoting interinstitutional learning and assistance, and enhancing synergy) between institutions with complementary and/or similar objectives. Ultimately, interplay management may reduce fragmentation, improve compliance and monitoring, and increase cost-effectiveness. The findings from this paper may prove useful to other jurisdictions where pressing environmental issues involve multiple governance levels and interacting institutions.

Toxicidade Diferencial de Agroquímicos a Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) e Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em Morangueiro / Differential Toxicity of Pesticides to Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Strawberry

This work aimed to evaluate the differential toxicity of pesticides to populations of the mite species Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Tetranychus urticae Koch collected from commercial crops of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) in Atibaia county, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In the test of acute toxicity of pesticides, adult females of N. californicus received the pesticidetreatment under Potter spray tower. The predaceous mite N. californicus showed the same or higher tolerance than T. urticae to various pesticides in laboratory. The highest difference wasobserved to the acaricide propargite, for which the predaceous mite was 25.1 times more tolerant than the two-spotted spider mite. This phytoseiid was also 4.7, 2.9 and 2.5 times more tolerantthan T. urticae to chlorfenapyr, fenpyroximate, and cyhexatin, respectively. In the test of residual toxicity of pesticides, the chemicals were sprayed on plants of strawberry in the field. Leaves were collected after different periods from the treatment and artificially infested with adult females ofN. californicus. The mortality was assessed 48h or 72h after treatment. Fenpyroximate, fenpropathrin, dimethoate, propargite, sulphur, and benomyl were innocuous to N. californicus. Chlorfenapyr, cyhexatin, and abamectin were significantly harmful to the predaceous mite causinginitial mortality rates between 37.5% and 57.5%. The use of predaceous mites like of this population of N. californicus, which presents low susceptibility to various pesticides can be very useful for programs of management of T. urticae on strawberry in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade diferencial de agroquímicos apopulações de ácaros das espécies Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) e Tetranychus urticae Koch coletadas de cultivos comerciais de morangueiro (Fragaria sp.) em Atibaia, SP. No teste de toxicidade aguda, fêmeas adultas de N. californicus foram tratadas através de pulverização direta utilizando torre de Potter. O ácaro predador N. californicus mostrou tolerância igual ou superior a T. urticae a diversos produtos, em condições de laboratório. A maior diferença foi observada para o acaricida propargite, para o qual o ácaro predador mostrou-se 25,1 vezes mais tolerante que o ácaro rajado. Este fitoseídeo também se mostrou 4,7; 2,9 e 2,5 vezes mais tolerante que o ácaro rajado, a clorfenapir, fempiroximate e ciexatim, respectivamente. No teste de toxicidade residual de agroquímicos, apulverização foi realizada em canteiros de morango. Foram coletados folíolos em diferentes períodos após a aplicação e infestados artificialmente com fêmeas adultas de N. californicus. As avaliaçõesde mortalidade foram realizadas 48h ou 72h após a infestação. Fempiroximate, fempropatrim, dimetoato, propargite, enxofre e benomil mostraram-se inócuos a N. californicus. Clorfenapir, ciexatim e abamectim foram significativamente prejudiciais ao ácaro predador causando mortalidades iniciaisentre 37,5% e 57,5%. A utilização de ácaros predadores como desta população de N. californicus, que apresenta baixa suscetibilidade a diversos agroquímicos, poderia ser muito útil em programas de manejo de T. urticae em morangueiro no Brasil.