Jaguar movement behavior: using trajectories and association rule mining algorithms to unveil behavioral states and social interactions.

Animal movement data are widely collected with devices such as sensors and collars, increasing the ability of researchers to monitor animal movement and providing information about animal behavioral patterns. Animal behavior is used as a basis for understanding the relationship between animals and the environment and for guiding decision-making by researchers and public agencies about environmental preservation and conservation actions. Animal movement and behavior are widely studied with a focus on identifying behavioral patterns, such as, animal group formation, the distance between animals and their home range. However, we observed a lack of research proposing a unified solution that aggregates resources for analyses of individual animal behavior and of social interactions between animals. The primary scientific contribution of this work is to present a framework that uses trajectory analysis and association rule mining [Jaiswal and Agarwal, 2012] to provide statistical measures of correlation and dependence to determine the relationship level between animals, their social interactions, and their interactions with other environmental factors based on their individual behavior and movement data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by applying it to movement data from jaguars in the Pantanal, Brazil. This allowed us to describe jaguar behavior, social interactions among jaguars and their behavior in different landscapes, thus providing a highly detailed investigation of jaguar movement decisions at the fine scale.

Microbiota and anthropic interference on antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from Brazilian maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Both the study of Brazilian wild mammal fauna and the conditions that foster the preservation of endangered species, such as Brazilian Maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), in wild life are of extreme importance. In order to study the resistance profile of microbiota bacterial colonizing Brazilian Maned-wolf, this work investigated samples from eight male captive and free roaming animals originating from different Brazilian geographical regions. Samples for microbiological purposes were collected with swabs and kept in appropriate transport medium. Using routine microbiological techniques, the isolated bacteria were tested toward antimicrobial drugs by the agar disk diffusion method. Results showed that all samples from wild animals were sensitive toward all drugs tested. Conversely, the resistance profile of bacteria isolated from captive animals varied among strains and animal body site location. Escherichia coli samples from prepuce, anus and ear showed multi-resistance toward at least four drugs, especially against erythromycin and tetracycline, followed by Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains isolated from anus and ear. Among Gram-positive bacteria, strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci showed multi-resistance mainly toward erythromycin and amoxicillin. The work discusses these findings and suggests that profile of multi-resistance bacteria from captive subjects may be attributed to direct contact with human or through lifestyle factors such as feeding, predation or contact of animals with urban animals such as birds, rodents, and insects from surrounding environments.

Penetration assay of frozen jaguar (Panthera onca) sperm in heterologous oocytes / Avaliação da capacidade de penetração de sêmen congelado de onça pintada (Panthera onca) em oócitos heterólogos

Assisted reproductive technologies can be viewed as one potential approach for safeguarding wild species. In this study were evaluated the fertility of captivity male jaguar (Panthera onca) and different capacitation media using the golden hamster zona free oocyte penetration assay. We used frozen/thawed semen from 3 animals housed at Bosque dos Jequitibás, Campinas/SP, to test the Percoll gradient, Swim-up and Swim-up + 1 h incubation (5% CO2 / 38C), considering as penetration the spermatozoa head descondensation visualized within the oocyte. The results rate was greater for Percoll (26.5%) as compared to Swim-up (8.1%) (X2 = 19.93; p 0.05). It was not observed penetration with Swim-up + 1 h incubation (5% CO2 / 38C). It is concluded that Percoll and Swim-up are efficient methods to perform the golden hamster zona free oocyte penetration assay using frozen/thawed jaguar (Panthera onca) spermatozoa. The low rate of penetration could be related to the high rate of morphological abnormal spermatozoa observed in the samples examined.

A aplicação de técnicas de reprodução assistida em espécies selvagens ameaçadas de extinção surge como método alternativo com o intuito de minimizar a diminuição da variabilidade genética das populações. Com o objetivo de determinar a fertilidade de onças pintadas (Panthera onca) mantidas em cativeiro e avaliar a eficácia dos meios de capacitação espermática, foi realizado o ensaio de penetração em oócitos de hamster livres de zona pelúcida. Para a realização do experimento, foi utilizado sêmen congelado de 3 animais do Bosque dos Jequitibás, Campinas/SP. Foram testadas 3 técnicas: Percoll, Swim-up e Swim-up + 1 hora em estufa de CO2 a 38ºC, considerando como oócitos penetrados aqueles que apresentaram no seu interior a descondensação da cabeça do espermatozóide. A média de penetrações da técnica Percoll (26,5%) foi significativamente maior comparada à técnica Swim-up (8,1%), sendo que não houve penetração utilizando a técnica Swim-up + 1 hora em estufa de CO2 a 38C (x² = 19,93; p 0,05). Analisando os resultados, concluímos que as técnicas Percoll e Swim-up foram eficientes para a realização do ensaio de penetração, comprovando a capacidade de penetração dos espermatozóides de onças pintadas (Panthera onca), pós-descongelamento, em oócitos de hamster livres de zona pelúcida. Porém, houve uma baixa porcentagem de penetração, a qual pode estar associada ao elevado índice de

Reproductive characteristics of captive male jaguars (Panthera onca) / Características reprodutivas de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) machos, mantidos em cativeiro

Ejaculate traits, testicular volume and plasma testosterone levels were determined once every two months for one year in 4 adult male jaguars (Panthera onca) housed at the São Paulo Zoo, SP, Brazil. Semen samples was collected by electroejaculation and analyzed for pH, total volume, motility (0-100%), status (0-5), total spermatozoa count and morphology. Blood samples was obtained by cephalic venipuncture immediately before the onset of electroejaculation and stored at -20ºC until assay of testosterone by RIA. Using a calliper, the length and width of each testis was measured and the values were combined to determine the testicular volume. Semen analyses demonstrated a high percentage of structurally abnormal sperm (mean = 51%) and low rates of motility (50.6%) and status (2.2). No correlation was found between semen traits, plasma testosterone and testicular volume (Spearmans test). No season variation was detected throughout the year for semen traits, plasma testosterone and testicular volume (p>;0.05, Friedmans test). The results of this study suggest that the captive jaguars in Brazil are not seasonal, and that semen collections can be performed throughout the year without a perturbation in overall ejaculate quality. However, underlying causes of high percentages of structurally abnormal sperm, found in captive jaguars, need to be investigated mainly to improve semen q

Quatro onças pintadas (Panthera onca), machos, adultos, mantidos no Zoológico de São Paulo (SP-Brasil), foram submetidos a avaliação seminal, quantificação hormonal e biometria testicular a cada dois meses pelo período de um ano. As amostras de sêmen foram obtidas por eletroejaculação e analisadas quanto ao pH, volume total, motilidade (0-100%), vigor (0-5), espermatozóides totais e morfologia. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas pela punção da veia cefálica imediatamente antes da eletroejaculação e o plasma foi estocado a -20ºC até a realização do radioimunoensaio para quantificação de testosterona. Comprimento e largura dos testículos direito e esquerdo foram obtidos com auxílio de paquímetro e os valores obtidos foram combinados para a obtenção de volume testicular. As amostras de sêmen mostraram elevado índice de espermatozóides morfologicamente anormais (média = 51%), baixos índice de motilidade (50,6%) e vigor (2,2). Não foi encontrada correlação entre as características seminais, níveis plasmáticos de testosterona e volume testicular (Teste de Correlação de Spearman). Não foi detectado efeito da estação durante o ano para qualidade espermática, testosterona sérica e volume testicular (p>;0,05, Teste de Friedman). Os resultados sugerem que as onças pintadas mantidas em cativeiro não são sazonais e que a colheita e avaliação espermática podem ser realizadas em qualquer per

Semen collection and evaluation in the jaguar (Panthera onca) / Colheita e avaliação do sêmen em onça pintada (Panthera onca)

Electroejaculation was performed in 10 jaguars (Panthera onca) of unknown breed, granted by the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo and Parque Zoológico Municipal "Quinzinho de Barros", with routine feeding for each institution. The electroejaculation was successful in 100% of the cases (n = 54), urine contamination occurred in 3.7% (n = 2), and in 11 (20.4%) were obtained ejaculates without spermatozoa. The mean obtained volume was 7.42 ± 3.69 ml, with motility 62.6 ± 11.0% and status 2.71 ± 0.52. The sperm concentration was 6.20 ± 3.03x10(6) sperm/ml, with normal morphology spermatozoa 46.7 ± 5.8%. The electroejaculation technique was efficient for semen collection on jaguars.

Foram submetidas à eletroejaculação 10 onças pintadas, de origem desconhecida, mantidas na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (n = 7) e Parque Zoológico Municipal "Quinzinho de Barros"- Sorocaba (n = 3), recebendo alimentação de acordo com a dieta de rotina de cada instituição. Nos 54 procedimentos realizados, foram obtidos ejaculados, ocorrendo contaminação por urina em 3,7% (n = 2) e em 11 (20,4%) ocasiões em que não foram observados espermatozóides. O volume médio obtido foi 7,42 ± 3,69 ml, com motilidade média de 62,6 ± 11,0% e vigor de 2,71 ± 0,52. A concentração espermática foi 6,20 ± 3,03x10(6) espermatozóides/ml, sendo que a porcentagem média de espermatozóides morfologicamente normais foi 46,7 ± 5,8%. A técnica de colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculação é eficiente na espécie Pathera onca.