Adolescents' unhealthy eating habits are associated with meal skipping.

OBJECTIVE: Meal consumption and diet quality are important for healthy development during adolescence. The aim of this study was to determine the association between meal habits and diet quality in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008 with a probabilistic sample of adolescents ages 14 to 19 y (N = 1139) from high schools in central-western Brazil. Consumption of breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner was assessed to evaluate adolescents' meal profile. The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R) was calculated to evaluate diet quality. The association between meal profile and BHEI-R (global estimates and components) was assessed using multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS: Diet was characterized by unhealthy eating: a low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk/dairy, and a high consumption of fats and sodium. An unsatisfactory meal profile was observed in 14% of adolescents, whereas daily consumption of breakfast, lunch, and dinner was reported by 47%, 78%, and 52% of adolescents, respectively. Meal profile was positively associated with diet quality. Daily consumption of breakfast was associated with higher BHEI-R scores, lower sodium intake, and greater consumption of fruits and milk/dairy. Daily consumption of lunch was associated with greater consumption of vegetables and "meats, eggs, and legumes," whereas consumption of dinner was associated with an increased consumption of "whole fruits." CONCLUSION: This study showed a parallelism between daily consumption of meals with healthier eating and greater adherence to traditional Brazilian food habits. Skipping meals was associated with a low-quality diet, especially concerning to the low consumption of fruits and vegetables and a high intake of sodium and calories from solid fats, added sugars, and alcoholic beverages. Therefore, the adoption of regular meal habits may help adolescents improve their diet quality.

Feasibility of using of a simplified question in assessing diet quality of adolescents. / Viabilidade do uso de pergunta simplificada na avaliação da qualidade da dieta de adolescentes.

This study aims to analyze the applicability of a simplified question in assessing diet quality of adolescents in a cross-sectional school-based study carried out in a sample of high school students. Diet quality self-perception was obtained when the participant was inquired about own diet considering "excellent", "good", "fair" or "poor" responses. We evaluated meals habits and food intake through food frequency questionnaire. The revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R) was estimated and we identified three dietary patterns using factor analysis. "Good" self-perceived diet quality was reported by 56% of adolescents and was associated with regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, meal profile and high healthy eating index scores. However, consumption of foods harmful to health was not perceived as characteristic that affects diet quality. The evaluated question showed sensitivity of 28% to detect good quality diets and specificity of 79% to identify low nutritional value diets. The use of a simplified question to assess dietary habits of adolescents is limited, since the consumption of high-fat, high-sugar and high-sodium food was not recognized as an indicator of low quality diet.

Viabilidade do uso de pergunta simplificada na avaliação da qualidade da dieta de adolescentes / Feasibility of using of a simplified question in assessing diet quality of adolescents

Resumo Analisou-se a aplicabilidade de pergunta simplificada na avaliação da qualidade da alimentação de adolescentes em estudo transversal de base escolar, com estudantes do ensino médio. A autopercepção da qualidade da alimentação foi obtida ao inquirir o participante se considerava sua alimentação muito boa, boa, regular ou ruim. Foram avaliados os hábitos de refeições e o consumo alimentar por meio de questionário de frequência de consumo. Estimou-se o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta-Revisado (IQD-R) e foram identificados três padrões alimentares com o uso de análise fatorial. A autopercepção da qualidade da alimentação como “boa” foi referida por 56% dos adolescentes, associando-se ao consumo regular de frutas, hortaliças, das refeições principais e escores elevados do IQD-R. Contudo, o consumo de alimentos deletérios à saúde não foi percebido como característica que afeta a qualidade da dieta. A pergunta avaliada apresentou sensibilidade de 28% para detectar dietas de boa qualidade e especificidade de 79% para identificar dietas de baixa qualidade nutricional. O uso de pergunta simplificada para avaliar hábitos alimentares de adolescentes é limitada, dado que o consumo de alimentos com alto teor de gordura, açúcar e sódio não foi reconhecido como indicador de dieta de baixa qualidade.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the applicability of a simplified question in assessing diet quality of adolescents in a cross-sectional school-based study carried out in a sample of high school students. Diet quality self-perception was obtained when the participant was inquired about own diet considering “excellent”, “good”, “fair” or “poor” responses. We evaluated meals habits and food intake through food frequency questionnaire. The revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R) was estimated and we identified three dietary patterns using factor analysis. “Good” self-perceived diet quality was reported by 56% of adolescents and was associated with regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, meal profile and high healthy eating index scores. However, consumption of foods harmful to health was not perceived as characteristic that affects diet quality. The evaluated question showed sensitivity of 28% to detect good quality diets and specificity of 79% to identify low nutritional value diets. The use of a simplified question to assess dietary habits of adolescents is limited, since the consumption of high-fat, high-sugar and high-sodium food was not recognized as an indicator of low quality diet.

Multiple risk behaviors for non-communicable diseases and associated factors in adolescents / Múltiplos comportamentos de risco para doenças não transmissíveis em adolescentes e fatores associados

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors for non-communicable diseases and analyze their associated factors in adolescents. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008 with 1,139 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years attending public and private high schools in Cuiabá, Midwestern Brazil. Data were collected using a selfadministered questionnaire, including a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The prevalence of tobacco smoking, alcohol experimentation, physical inactivity, unsatisfactory meal pattern, and excessive intake of saturated fat and sodium were evaluated. The associations between risk behaviors and socioeconomic variables, weight status, and self-perceived health status were evaluated. Results: The most common risk behaviors were excessive sodium intake (88%), unsatisfactory meal pattern (72%), excessive intake of saturated fat (39%), and alcohol experimentation (39%). Four of 10 adolescents were exposed to two risk behaviors simultaneously. Among male adolescents, the main factors associated with risk behaviors were: type of school, class schedule, education level of the household head, weight status, and self-perceived health status. Among female adolescents, age, type of school, class schedule, and education level of the household head were the main factors associated with risk behaviors. Conclusion: The prevalence of exposure to risk behaviors for non-communicable diseases was high, highlighting the simultaneous presence of tobacco smoking and experimentation of alcoholic beverages. Special attention should be given to educational activities to minimize the effects of the simultaneous occurrence of multiple risk behaviors.

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de comportamentos de risco para doenças não transmissíveis e analisar seus fatores associados em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base escolar realizado em 2008 com 1.139 estudantes do ensino médio, entre 14 e 19 anos de idade, de escolas públicas e privadas de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Aplicou-se questionário autoadministrado, incluindo Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Avaliou-se a prevalência de tabagismo, experimentação de álcool, inatividade física, padrão de refeições e ingestão excessiva de gordura saturada e sódio. Foram analisadas as associações entre os comportamentos de risco e variáveis socioeconômicas, status de peso e autopercepção do estado de saúde. Resultados: Os comportamentos de risco mais comuns foram: ingestão excessiva de sódio (88%), padrão de refeições insatisfatório (72%), consumo excessivo de gordura saturada (39%) e experimentação de álcool (39%). Quatro em cada 10 adolescentes foram expostos a dois comportamentos de risco simultaneamente. Entre os meninos, os principais fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco foram: tipo de escola, turno de aula, escolaridade do chefe da família, status de peso e autopercepção do estado de saúde. Entre as meninas, a idade, o tipo de escola, o turno de estudo e a escolaridade do chefe da família foram os principais fatores associados aos comportamentos de risco. Conclusão: A prevalência de exposição a comportamentos de risco para doenças não transmissíveis foi elevada, destacando a presença simultânea de tabagismo e experimentação de bebidas alcoólicas. Deve ser dada especial atenção às atividades educativas, visando minimizar os efeitos da ocorrência simultânea de múltiplos comportamentos de risco.

Effects of social mobility from childhood to adolescence on BMI.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the contribution of childhood socio-economic position (SEP) and social mobility to weight change. The present study evaluated the effect of family SEP during the pre-school years and social mobility on BMI between birth and adolescence. DESIGN: Longitudinal. The SEP of each child's family was classified according to an asset-based wealth index as low, medium or high. Four different categories of childhood-adolescence SEP groups were created in order to examine social mobility: low-medium/high, medium-medium, medium-high and high-high/medium. For each of these categories, BMI was tracked from birth to adolescence. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse the data. SETTING: Cuiabá-MT, Brazil. SUBJECTS: A population-based cohort of children born between 1994 and 1999 was assessed between 1999 and 2000, and again between 2009 and 2011. RESULTS: A total of 1716 adolescents were followed from childhood to adolescence (71·4 % of baseline). The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 20·4 % in childhood and 27·7 % in adolescence. A higher SEP in childhood was associated with a greater prevalence of overweight in adolescence. Expressive upward social mobility occurred, mainly in the lowest SEP group. There was a greater rate of change in BMI between birth and adolescence among children with a higher SEP in childhood and children who remained in the higher SEP from childhood to adolescence. CONCLUSION: Individuals from a higher SEP in childhood and those who remained in the higher social classes showed greater rate of change in BMI. Thus, initial SEP was the major determinant of changes in BMI.

Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence.

OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence. METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence. RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.

Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence / Efeito do tabagismo materno durante gestação e infância sobre o índice de massa corporal até a adolescência

OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence.METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence.RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed.CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.

OBJETIVO Analisar se a exposição ao tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e no início da infância afeta as mudanças no índice de massa corporal entre o nascimento e a adolescência.MÉTODOS Realizado estudo de coorte de base populacional com 2.405 crianças (0 a 5 anos) nascidas em Cuiabá, Brasil, e avaliadas de 1999 a 2000. De 2009 a 2011, esse grupo foi reavaliado. Peso ao nascer foi obtido a partir de registros médicos e a exposição ao tabagismo durante a gravidez e infância foi avaliada na primeira entrevista. Modelos lineares de efeitos mistos foram utilizados para estimar a associação entre a exposição ao tabagismo materno, durante a gravidez e a fase pré-escolar, e o índice de massa corporal das crianças ao nascer e durante a infância e adolescência.RESULTADOS Apenas 11,3% das mães relataram fumar durante a gravidez, sendo que a maioria delas (78,2%) também fumou durante a fase pré-escolar da criança. Entre as mães que fumaram exclusivamente durante a gravidez (n = 59), 97,7% fumaram somente no primeiro trimestre. As mudanças de índice de massa corporal entre o nascimento e a infância foram semelhantes entre as crianças expostas e não expostas ao tabagismo materno. Entretanto, entre a infância e a adolescência, a taxa de variação do índice de massa corporal foi maior entre os expostos ao tabagismo materno apenas durante a gravidez quando comparado aos não expostos.CONCLUSÕES A exposição ao fumo apenas durante a gravidez, especialmente no primeiro trimestre, pode afetar as mudanças no índice de massa corporal até a adolescência, apoiando a recomendação de cessação do tabagismo entre as mulheres em idade fértil.

Prevalence and factors associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of sedentary behavior and associated factors in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes, belonging to a 1994-1999 birth cohort in the city of Cuiabá, MT, Central Western Brazil. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables. Sedentary behavior was determined as using television and/or computer/video games for a time greater than or equal to 4 hours/day. Associations with sedentary behavior were evaluated using body mass index in childhood and adolescence and sociodemographic and behavioral variables using hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of sedentary behavior was 58.1%. Of the 1,716 adolescents evaluated, 50.7% (n = 870) were male. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors, the variables that remained associated with sedentary behavior were: age (14 and over) (OR = 3.51, 95%CI 2.19;5.60); higher socioeconomic class (OR = 3.83, 95%CI 2.10;7.01), higher level of maternal education (OR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.09;3.01); living in the country (OR = 0.49, 95%CI 0.30;0.81); insufficient physical activity (OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.02;1.53); experimentation with alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.08;1.66) and being overweight in adolescence (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.06;1.68). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of adolescents in sedentary activities and the lack of association with being overweight in childhood, indicates the need for educational initiatives to reduce multiple risk behaviors. Encouraging physical activity in young people as a way of reducing sedentary behavior and, consequently, being overweight is fundamental.

Dietary patterns associated with anthropometric indicators of abdominal fat in adults.

This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and assess their association with abdominal fat. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central West Region of Brazil with a probabilistic sample of 208 adults of both sexes. Data on food intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis (principal components) was conducted to identify dietary patterns. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were used to assess abdominal fat. The association between dietary patterns and body fat distribution was examined using multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Three dietary patterns were identified: Western, regional traditional, and prudent. A positive association was found between the Western pattern and WC (p = 0.04) and WHR (p = 0.001) and between the regional traditional pattern and WHR (p = 0.05) among women. A slight association was also found between the latter pattern and WC (p = 0.07) also among women. An association was found between the Western and regional traditional dietary patterns and a larger concentration of abdominal fat among women.

Effect of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and preschool age on growth from birth to adolescence: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence of an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and restriction of intrauterine growth, but the effects of this exposure on postnatal linear growth are not well defined. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the role of tobacco smoke exposure also after pregnancy on linear growth until adolescence. In this study we investigated the effect of maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy and preschool age on linear growth from birth to adolescence. METHODS: We evaluated a cohort of children born between 1994 and 1999 in Cuiabá, Brazil, who attended primary health clinics for vaccination between the years 1999 and 2000 (at preschool age) and followed-up after approximately ten years. Individuals were located in public and private schools throughout the country using the national school census. Height/length was measured, and length at birth was collected at maternity departments. Stature in childhood and adolescence was assessed using the height-for-age index sex-specific expressed as z-score from curves published by the World Health Organization. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking, during pregnancy and preschool age, and height of children assessed at birth, preschool and school age, adjusted for age of the children. RESULTS: We evaluated 2405 children in 1999-2000, length at birth was obtained from 2394 (99.5%), and 1716 at follow-up (71.4% of baseline), 50.7% of the adolescents were male. The z-score of height-for-age was lower among adolescents exposed to maternal smoking both during pregnancy and childhood (p < 0.01). Adjusting for age, sex, maternal height, maternal schooling, socioeconomic position at preschool age, and breastfeeding, children exposed to maternal smoking both during pregnancy and preschool age showed persistent lower height-for-age since birth to adolescence (coefficient: -0.32, p < 0.001) compared to non-exposed. Paternal smoking at preschool age was not associated with growth after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION: Exposure to maternal smoking not only during pregnancy, but also at early childhood, showed long-term negative effect on height of children until adolescence.

Prevalência e fatores associados aos comportamentos sedentários em adolescentes / Prevalence and factors associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents

OBJETIVO Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados aos comportamentos sedentários em adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 10 a 17 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, pertencentes a uma coorte de nascimentos entre 1994-1999 na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Para o levantamento dos dados, foi utilizado um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas, econômicas e de estilo de vida e aferição de dados antropométricos. Determinou-se como comportamento sedentário o uso de televisão e/ou computador/vídeo games por um tempo igual ou superior a 4 horas/dia. Avaliou-se a associação de comportamentos sedentários com o índice de massa corporal, tanto na infância quanto na adolescência, e com variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais por meio de regressão logística hierarquizada. RESULTADOS A prevalência global de comportamentos sedentários foi de 58,1%. Dos 1.716 adolescentes estudados, 50,7% (n = 870) eram do sexo masculino. Na análise multivariada, após ajuste para fatores de confusão, as variáveis que permaneceram associadas com os comportamentos sedentários foram: idade (14 anos ou mais) (OR = 3,51; IC95% 2,19;5,60); classe econômica elevada (OR = 3,83; IC95% 2,10;7,01); maior nível de escolaridade da mãe (OR = 1,81; IC95% 1,09;3,01); residir no interior (OR = 0,49; IC95% 0,30;0,81); atividade física insuficiente (OR = 1,25; IC95% 1,02;1,53); experimentação de bebidas alcoólicas (OR = 1,34; IC95% 1,08;1,66) e excesso de peso na adolescência (OR = 1,33; IC95% 1,06;1,68). CONCLUSÕES A elevada proporção de adolescentes em atividades sedentárias e a não associação dessas atividades na adolescência com o excesso de peso na infância indicam a necessidade de ...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of sedentary behavior and associated factors in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes, belonging to a 1994-1999 birth cohort in the city of Cuiabá, MT, Central Western Brazil. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables. Sedentary behavior was determined as using television and/or computer/video games for a time greater than or equal to 4 hours/day. Associations with sedentary behavior were evaluated using body mass index in childhood and adolescence and sociodemographic and behavioral variables using hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS The overall prevalence of sedentary behavior was 58.1%. Of the 1,716 adolescents evaluated, 50.7% (n = 870) were male. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors, the variables that remained associated with sedentary behavior were: age (14 and over) (OR = 3.51, 95%CI 2.19;5.60); higher socioeconomic class (OR = 3.83, 95%CI 2.10;7.01), higher level of maternal education (OR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.09;3.01); living in the country (OR = 0.49, 95%CI 0.30;0.81); insufficient physical activity (OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.02;1.53); experimentation with alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.08;1.66) and being overweight in adolescence (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.06;1.68). CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of adolescents in sedentary activities and the lack of association with being overweight in childhood, indicates the need for educational initiatives to reduce multiple risk behaviors. Encouraging physical activity in young people as a way of reducing sedentary behavior and, consequently, being overweight is fundamental. .

[Adolescents' diet quality and associated factors]. / Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes e fatores associados.

The aim of this study was to analyze adolescents' diet quality and associated factors using the Revised Diet Quality Index (DQI-R). A cross-sectional study was performed with 1,326 adolescents from public and private schools. Food intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Crude prevalence ratio was used to evaluate the association between high DQI-R (≥ 75th percentile) and independent variables. Variables with p-value < 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression analysis. Mean DQI-R was 75.1 points (95%CI: 74.8-75.5). Higher DQI-R scores were associated with ≤ 2 hours per day of sedentary activities (e.g., TV, computer, and videogames), ≥ 300 minutes per week of physical activity, and overweight. Healthy lifestyle was associated with better diet quality. The results emphasize the importance of encouraging physical activity, reducing the number of daily hours in sedentary activities, and intervening in adolescents' eating habits.

Dietary patterns associated with anthropometric indicators of abdominal fat in adults / Padrões alimentares associados a indicadores antropométricos de adiposidade abdominal em adultos / Patrones alimentarios asociados a los indicadores antropométricos de adiposidad abdominal en adultos

This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and assess their association with abdominal fat. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central West Region of Brazil with a probabilistic sample of 208 adults of both sexes. Data on food intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis (principal components) was conducted to identify dietary patterns. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were used to assess abdominal fat. The association between dietary patterns and body fat distribution was examined using multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Three dietary patterns were identified: Western, regional traditional, and prudent. A positive association was found between the Western pattern and WC (p = 0.04) and WHR (p = 0.001) and between the regional traditional pattern and WHR (p = 0.05) among women. A slight association was also found between the latter pattern and WC (p = 0.07) also among women. An association was found between the Western and regional traditional dietary patterns and a larger concentration of abdominal fat among women.

Este estudo teve o objetivo identificar padrões alimentares e analisar a associação com a adiposidade abdominal. Estudo transversal, realizado na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com amostra probabilística de 208 adultos, de ambos os sexos. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por questionário de frequência alimentar e aplicada análise fatorial (componentes principais) para identificar padrões alimentares. A circunferência da cintura (CC) e a relação cintura quadril (RCQ) foram indicadores de adiposidade abdominal. A associação dos padrões alimentares com adiposidade abdominal foi analisada em modelos de regressão linear múltipla ajustados por fatores de confusão. Identificaram-se três padrões alimentares: ocidental, tradicional regional e prudente. O padrão ocidental associou-se positivamente com CC (p = 0,04) e RCQ (p = 0,001) e o padrão tradicional regional associou-se também com RCQ (p = 0,05), e marginal a associação com a CC (p = 0,07) somente em mulheres. Os padrões ocidental e tradicional regional associaram à maior adiposidade abdominal em mulheres.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los patrones alimentarios y analizar su asociación con la adiposidad abdominal. Estudio transversal, realizado en la región centro-oeste de Brasil, con una muestra probabilística de 208 adultos de ambos sexos. El consumo alimentario se obtuvo en un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria y para determinar los patrones alimentarios se utilizó un análisis factorial (componentes principales). El perímetro de cintura (PC) y la relación cintura/cadera (RCC) indicaron adiposidad abdominal. La asociación de patrones alimentarios y adiposidad abdominal se analizó en modelos de regresión lineal múltiple, ajustados por factores de confusión. Se identificaron tres patrones alimentarios: occidental, tradicional regional y prudente. El occidental se asoció positivamente al PC (p = 0,04) y RCC (p = 0,001), el tradicional regional se asoció también a RCC (p = 0,05) y marginal la asociación al PC (p = 0,07), sólo en mujeres. Los patrones occidental y tradicional regional se asociaron a una mayor adiposidad abdominal en mujeres.

Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes e fatores associados / Adolescents' diet quality and associated factors / Calidad de la dieta de adolescentes y factores asociados

Analisar a qualidade da dieta de adolescentes pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R) e os fatores associados. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 1.326 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas. O consumo alimentar foi obtido utilizando-se questionário de frequência alimentar. Utilizou-se razão de prevalência para avaliar a associação entre o IQD-R elevado (≥ percentil 75) e as variáveis independentes. Variáveis com valor de p <0,20 foram incluídas na regressão de Poisson. A média do IQD-R foi de 75,1 pontos (IC95%: 74,8-75,5). Tempo ≤ 2 horas diárias gasto em atividades sedentárias como assistir televisão, usar computador ou games; tempo ≥ 300 minutos por semana de atividade física e excesso de peso dos adolescentes foram associados a maiores pontuações do IQD-R. Estilo de vida saudável foi associado à dieta de melhor qualidade. Destaca-se a importância do incentivo à prática de atividade física, redução do número de horas diárias em atividades sedentárias e intervenção na prática alimentar dos adolescentes.

The aim of this study was to analyze adolescents’ diet quality and associated factors using the Revised Diet Quality Index (DQI-R). A cross-sectional study was performed with 1,326 adolescents from public and private schools. Food intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Crude prevalence ratio was used to evaluate the association between high DQI-R (≥ 75th percentile) and independent variables. Variables with p-value < 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression analysis. Mean DQI-R was 75.1 points (95%CI: 74.8-75.5). Higher DQI-R scores were associated with ≤ 2 hours per day of sedentary activities (e.g., TV, computer, and videogames), ≥ 300 minutes per week of physical activity, and overweight. Healthy lifestyle was associated with better diet quality. The results emphasize the importance of encouraging physical activity, reducing the number of daily hours in sedentary activities, and intervening in adolescents’ eating habits.

Analizar la calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes por el Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado (ICD-R) y los factores asociados. Fue realizado estudio transversal con 1.326 adolescentes de escuelas públicas y particulares. El consumo alimentario se obtuvo utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria. Se utilizó razón de prevalencia, para evaluar la asociación entre el ICD-R elevado (≥ percentil 75) y las variables independientes. Variables con p-valor < 0,20 fueron incluidas en la regresión de Poisson. El promedio del ICD-R fue de 75,1 puntos (IC95%: 74,8-75,5). Tiempo ≤ 2 horas diarias, utilizado en actividades sedentarias (ver televisión, usar la computadora o vídeo juegos); tiempo ≥ 300 minutos por semana de actividad física y exceso de peso de los adolescentes se asociaron a mayores puntuaciones del ICD-R. Se destaca la importancia del incentivo a la práctica de actividades físicas, reducción del número de horas diarias en actividades sedentarias e intervención en la práctica alimentaria de los adolescentes.

[Obesity: main risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension in Brazilian adolescents from a cohort study]. / Obesidade: principal fator de risco para hipertensão arterial sistêmica em adolescentes brasileiros participantes de um estudo de coorte.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 1,716 adolescents of a cohort study, aged from 10 to 16 years old sociodemographic, economic, and lifestyle characteristics were obtained from an interview, and birth weight from hospital records. Hypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure above the 95th percentile according to the classification recommended by the Second Task Force High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Nutritional status was diagnosed by body mass index (BMI), according to the z score from curves published by the World Health Organization. Waist circumference was measured at the natural waist. The association between hypertension and the explanatory variables was measured using logistic regression. RESULTS: The adolescents interviewed represent 71.4% of the baseline, and 50.7% of them were males. The prevalence of hypertension was 11.7%. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age sex and skin color, hypertension was associated with obesity [OR = 2.27, (95%) CI = 1.64 to 3.14] but not associated with waist circumference after adjusting for BMI. Early life factors were not associated with hypertension in adolescence. CONCLUSION: The results show an association between obesity and hypertension among adolescents.

Obesidade: principal fator de risco para hipertensão arterial sistêmica em adolescentes brasileiros participantes de um estudo de coorte / Obesity: main risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension in Brazilian adolescents from a cohort study

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) em adolescentes de uma coorte. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 1.716 adolescentes, de 10 a 16 anos, participantes de um estudo de coorte. Os dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e de estilo de vida foram obtidos por meio de entrevista e os dados referentes ao nascimento e à infância foram obtidos na linha de base. Foram considerados hipertensos os adolescentes que apresentaram pressão arterial sistólica e/ou diastólica acima do percentil 95, segundo a classificação preconizada pelo Second Task Force High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. O estado nutricional foi diagnosticado pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), segundo o escore z. O perímetro da cintura foi medido ao nível da cintura natural. A associação da HAS com as variáveis explicativas foi estimada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Os entrevistados correspondem a 71,4% dos avaliados na linha de base, sendo 50,7% do sexo masculino. A prevalência global de HAS foi de 11,7%. Na análise ajustada para idade, sexo e cor de pele, a hipertensão arterial associou-se à obesidade [OR = 2,27; IC (95%) = 1,64-3,14], mas não ao perímetro da cintura, que, após ajuste para o IMC, perdeu a associação. Os eventos precoces na vida não foram associados à HAS na adolescência. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados enfatizam a obesidade como principal fator associado à HAS em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 1,716 adolescents of a cohort study, aged from 10 to 16 years old sociodemographic, economic, and lifestyle characteristics were obtained from an interview, and birth weight from hospital records. Hypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure above the 95th percentile according to the classification recommended by the Second Task Force High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Nutritional status was diagnosed by body mass index (BMI), according to the z score from curves published by the World Health Organization. Waist circumference was measured at the natural waist. The association between hypertension and the explanatory variables was measured using logistic regression. RESULTS: The adolescents interviewed represent 71.4% of the baseline, and 50.7% of them were males. The prevalence of hypertension was 11.7%. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age sex and skin color, hypertension was associated with obesity [OR = 2.27, (95%) CI = 1.64 to 3.14] but not associated with waist circumference after adjusting for BMI. Early life factors were not associated with hypertension in adolescence. CONCLUSION: The results show an association between obesity and hypertension among adolescents.

Validity of self-reported weight and stature in adolescents from Cuiabá, Central-Western Brazil / Validade de peso e estatura autorreferidos em adolescentes de Cuiabá, Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the agreement between self-reported and measured weight and stature in adolescents. METHODS: Ninety-seven students from public and private high schools of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (14 to 19 years old), were examined to assess the validity of self-reported weight and stature. The adolescents reported their weight and stature, which were subsequently measured by standard procedures. The body mass index was calculated from both self-reported and measured data. Weight status was classified according to body mass index Z-score and World Health Organization criteria. The differences between the self-reported and measured means were tested by the Student's paired t-test. Weighted Kappa's coefficient of agreement was used to assess the variations in weight status categorization using informed and measured data. Agreement between measurements was assessed by the Bland-Altman method and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The means of self-reported and measured weights (p=0.30), statures (p=0.76) and body mass index (p=0.47) were not significantly different. There was high agreement between self-reported and measured measurements according to intraclass correlation coefficient (weight: r=0.99; stature: r=0.96; body mass index: r=0.97) and the mean agreements estimated by the Bland-Altman method were 99% for weight and 100% for stature. CONCLUSION: Given the excellent agreement with measured data, self-reported weight and stature are considered valid to be used in epidemiological studies on adolescents of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre as medidas de peso e estatura autorreferidas e aferidas em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Noventa e sete estudantes de 14 a 19 anos de idade do ensino médio público e privado de Cuiabá, (Mato Grosso) foram examinados a fim de se avaliar a validade de medidas de peso e estatura autorreferidas. Os adolescentes referiram o peso e a estatura e, na sequência, as respectivas medidas foram aferidas com base em procedimentos padronizados. O índice de massa corporal foi determinado a partir das medidas estimadas e aferidas. O status de peso foi classificado com base no escore-Z do índice de massa corporal segundo proposta da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student pareado para avaliar as diferenças entre as médias das medidas autorreferidas e aferidas. O coeficiente de concordância Kappa ponderado foi utilizado para se avaliarem as variações na categorização do status de peso estimado a partir de medidas informadas e aferidas. A concordância entre as medidas foi avaliada pelo método de Bland-Altman e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: Não se observaram diferenças entre as médias das medidas autorreferidas e aferidas de peso (p=0,30),: estatura (p=0,76) e índice de massa corporal (p=0,47). Houve elevada concordância entre as medidas autorreferidas e aferidas de acordo com o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (peso: r=0,99; estatura: r=0,96; índice de massa corporal; r=0,97) e segundo o método de Bland-Altman (concordância média: peso=99%; estatura=100%). CONCLUSÃO: Dada a excelente concordância com as medidas aferidas, o peso e a estatura autorreferidos são considerados válidos para serem utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos com adolescentes de Cuiabá.

Factors associated with dietary patterns in adolescents: a school-based study in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns among adolescents and to assess their association with socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and nutritional status. METHODS: A probabilistic clustered two-stage sample of students between 14 and 19 years old from public and private high schools from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was investigated (n = 1.139). A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on food intake. Nutritional status was classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height²) z-score. Socioeconomic status was inferred by the education level of head of household and by the presence of electrical appliances in the household. Dietary patterns were identified by applying exploratory factor analysis (extraction method: principal component analysis) and their relationship with socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle variables, and nutritional status was estimated by mutually adjusted multilinear regression models. RESULTS: "Western", "traditional" and "mixed" dietary patterns were identified. Studying in the morning hours and reporting the intake of alcoholic beverages were associated with greater adherence to the "Western" pattern. Male low-income students from public schools who have a BMI in the normal range preferred the "traditional" pattern. The "mixed" pattern was adopted by boys from public schools reporting physical activity. CONCLUSION: Several factors were associated with dietary patterns of adolescents and the Brazilian traditional diet was associated with normal weight.

Fatores associados a padrões alimentares em adolescentes: um estudo de base escolar em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso / Factors associated with dietary patterns in adolescents: a school-based study in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões alimentares de adolescentes e sua associação com características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Investigou-se amostra probabilística de estudantes entre 14 a 19 anos de idade do ensino médio público e privado de Cuiabá/Mato Grosso (n = 1.139). Os dados foram coletados em sala de aula utilizando-se questionário autoaplicado. Para a obtenção de dados de consumo alimentar, aplicou-se questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo. O estado nutricional foi classificado pelo escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC = peso/estatura²). Para a classificação socioeconômica considerou-se a escolaridade do chefe da família e a presença de bens e equipamentos no domicílio. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise fatorial exploratória (método de extração: análise de componentes principais) e sua associação com as características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e estado nutricional foi estimada por modelos de regressão linear múltipla mutuamente ajustados para os outros padrões. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: "ocidental", "tradicional" e "misto". Estudar no turno vespertino e consumir bebidas alcoólicas foram associados (p < 0,05) a maior aderência ao padrão "ocidental". Meninos de escolas públicas, com menor poder aquisitivo e IMC na faixa de normalidade aderiam ao padrão "tradicional". O padrão "misto" foi adotado pelos meninos, estudantes de escolas públicas e que relataram prática de atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Em adolescentes, vários fatores se associam aos padrões alimentares, mas destacamos que o consumo dos alimentos tradicionais da dieta brasileira associou-se ao IMC na faixa de normalidade.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns among adolescents and to assess their association with socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and nutritional status. METHODS: A probabilistic clustered two-stage sample of students between 14 and 19 years old from public and private high schools from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was investigated (n = 1.139). A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on food intake. Nutritional status was classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height²) z-score. Socioeconomic status was inferred by the education level of head of household and by the presence of electrical appliances in the household. Dietary patterns were identified by applying exploratory factor analysis (extraction method: principal component analysis) and their relationship with socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle variables, and nutritional status was estimated by mutually adjusted multilinear regression models. RESULTS: "Western", "traditional" and "mixed" dietary patterns were identified. Studying in the morning hours and reporting the intake of alcoholic beverages were associated with greater adherence to the "Western" pattern. Male low-income students from public schools who have a BMI in the normal range preferred the "traditional" pattern. The "mixed" pattern was adopted by boys from public schools reporting physical activity. CONCLUSION: Several factors were associated with dietary patterns of adolescents and the Brazilian traditional diet was associated with normal weight.

[The school census as a search strategy for children and adolescents in epidemiological studies]. / O censo escolar como estratégia de busca de crianças e adolescentes em estudos epidemiológicos.

Low-cost alternatives that allow for the monitoring of population groups are important strategies in conducting cohort studies. This paper presents the procedures for the use of the National School Census as a search tool for children and adolescents in follow-up studies. The study was conducted among adolescent students who took vaccinations in clinics in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil in 1999. A total of 86.8% were identified in the census and 0.2% in the Mortality Information System. Of those identified, 1,716 were interviewed, representing a follow-up rate of 71.4%. In this study, the school census proved to be an effective method for finding students.