Differences in proteomic profiles and immunomodulatory activity of goat and cow milk fat globule membrane.

This study aimed to clarify the composition and bioactivity differences between goat and cow milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) protein by proteomic, and the immunomodulatory activity of MFGM proteins was further evaluated by using mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. A total of 257 MFGM proteins showed significant differences between goat and cow milk. The upregulated and unique MFGM proteins in goat milk were significantly enriched in the positive regulation of immune response, negative regulation of Interleukin-5 (IL-5) secretion, and involved in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling. The contents of IL-2 and Interferon-γ in the supernatant of spleen lymphocytes treated with goat MFGM proteins were much higher than those of IL-4 and IL-5, suggesting a Th1-skewed immune response. These results revealed that goat MFGM proteins could possess better immunomodulatory effects as compared to cow milk. Our findings may provide new insights to elucidate the physiological functions and nutritional of goat milk.

1,3,5-2,4,6-Functionalized Benzene Molecular Cage: An Environmentally Responsive Scaffold that Supports Hierarchical Superstructures.

New stimulus responsive scaffolds are of interest as constituents of hierarchical supramolecular ensembles. 1,3,5-2,4,6-Functionalized, facially segregated benzene moieties have a time-honored role as building blocks for host molecules. However, their user as switchable motifs in the construction of multi-component supramolecular structures remains poorly explored. Here, we report a molecular cage 1, which consists of a bent anthracene dimer 3 paired with 1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene 2. As the result of the pH-induced ababab ↔ bababa isomerization of the constituent functionalized benzene units derived from 2, this cage can reversibly convert between an open state and a closed form, both in solution and in the solid state. Cage 1 was used to create stimuli-responsive hierarchical superstructures, viz. Russian doll-like complexes with [K⊂18-crown-6⊂1]+ and [K⊂cryptand-222⊂1]+. The reversible assembly and disassembly of these superstructures could be induced by switching cage 1 from its open to closed form. The present study thus provides an unusual example where pH-triggered conformation motion within a cage-like scaffold is used to control the formation and disassociation of hierarchical ensembles.

Determining the optimal distal resection margin in rectal cancer patients by imaging of large pathological sections: An experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distal resection margin in sphincter-sparing surgery in patients with low rectal cancer based on imaging of large pathological sections. METHODS: Patients who underwent sphincter-sparing surgery for ultralow rectal cancer at Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital within the period from January 2016 to March 2022 were tracked and observed. The clinical and pathological data of the patients were collected and analyzed. The EVOS fluorescence automatic cell imaging system was used for imaging large pathological sections. Follow-up patient data were acquired mainly by sending the patients letters and contacting them via phone calls, and during outpatient visits. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients (25 males, 21 females) aged 27 to 86 years participated in the present study. Regarding clinical staging, there were 9, 10, 16, and 10 cases with stages I, II, III, and IV low rectal cancer, respectively. The surgical time was 273.82 ±â€…111.51 minutes, the blood loss was 123.78 ±â€…150.91 mL, the postoperative exhaust time was 3.67 ±â€…1.85 days, and the postoperative discharge time was 10.36 ±â€…5.41 days. There were 8 patients with complications, including 3 cases of pulmonary infection, 2 cases of intestinal obstruction, one case of pleural effusion, and one case of stoma necrosis. The longest and shortest distal resection margins (distances between the cutting edges and the tumor edges) were 3 cm and 1 cm, respectively. The minimum length of the extension areas of the tumor lesions in the 46 images of large pathological sections was 0.1 mm, and the maximum length was 15 mm. Among the tumor lesions, 91.30% (42/46) had an extension area length of ≤5 mm, and 97.83% (45/46) had an extension area length of ≤10 mm. The length of the extension zone was not related to clinical pathological parameters (P > .05). CONCLUSION: In the vast majority of cases, the distal resection margin was at least 1 cm; thus, "No Evidence of Disease" could have been achieved. Additional high-powered randomized trials are needed to confirm the results of the present study.

T cell cascade regulation initiates systemic antitumor immunity through living drug factory of anti-PD-1/IL-12 engineered probiotics.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer therapy but only works in a subset of patients due to the insufficient infiltration, persistent exhaustion, and inactivation of T cells within a tumor. Herein, we develop an engineered probiotic (interleukin [IL]-12 nanoparticle Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 [INP-EcN]) acting as a living drug factory to biosynthesize anti-PD-1 and release IL-12 for initiating systemic antitumor immunity through T cell cascade regulation. Mechanistically, INP-EcN not only continuously biosynthesizes anti-PD-1 for relieving immunosuppression but also effectively cascade promote T cell activation, proliferation, and infiltration via responsive release of IL-12, thus reaching a sufficient activation threshold to ICB. Tumor targeting and colonization of INP-EcNs dramatically increase local drug accumulations, significantly inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis compared to commercial inhibitors. Furthermore, immune profiling reveals that anti-PD-1/IL-12 efficiently cascade promote antitumor effects in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner, clarifying the immune interaction of ICB and cytokine activation. Ultimately, such engineered probiotics achieve a potential paradigm shift from T cell exhaustion to activation and show considerable promise for antitumor bio-immunotherapy.

Widespread photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are necessary for haloarchaeal cell division.

Cell division is fundamental to all cellular life. Most archaea depend on either the prokaryotic tubulin homologue FtsZ or the endosomal sorting complex required for transport for division but neither system has been robustly characterized. Here, we show that three of the four photosynthesis reaction centre barrel domain proteins of Haloferax volcanii (renamed cell division proteins B1/2/3 (CdpB1/2/3)) play important roles in cell division. CdpB1 interacts directly with the FtsZ membrane anchor SepF and is essential for cell division, whereas deletion of cdpB2 and cdpB3 causes a major and a minor division defect, respectively. Orthologues of CdpB proteins are also involved in cell division in other haloarchaea, indicating a conserved function of these proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows that photosynthetic reaction centre barrel proteins are widely distributed among archaea and appear to be central to cell division in most if not all archaea.

A statistical method for quantifying progenitor cells reveals incipient cell fate commitments.

Quantifying the number of progenitor cells that found an organ, tissue or cell population is of fundamental importance for understanding the development and homeostasis of a multicellular organism. Previous efforts rely on marker genes that are specifically expressed in progenitors. This strategy is, however, often hindered by the lack of ideal markers. Here we propose a general statistical method to quantify the progenitors of any tissues or cell populations in an organism, even in the absence of progenitor-specific markers, by exploring the cell phylogenetic tree that records the cell division history during development. The method, termed targeting coalescent analysis (TarCA), computes the probability that two randomly sampled cells of a tissue coalesce within the tissue-specific monophyletic clades. The inverse of this probability then serves as a measure of the progenitor number of the tissue. Both mathematic modeling and computer simulations demonstrated the high accuracy of TarCA, which was then validated using real data from nematode, fruit fly and mouse, all with related cell phylogenetic trees. We further showed that TarCA can be used to identify lineage-specific upregulated genes during embryogenesis, revealing incipient cell fate commitments in mouse embryos.

Identification of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs with the significance in prognosis and immunotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Cuproptosis, a recently characterized programmed cell death mechanism, has emerged as a potential contributor to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune modulation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have demonstrated diverse regulatory roles in cancer and hold promise as biomarkers. However, the involvement and prognostic significance of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain poorly understood. Based on TCGA-OSCC data, we integrated single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), the LASSO algorithm, and the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm. We identified 11 CRLs through differential expression, Spearman correlation, and univariate Cox regression analyses. Two distinct CRL-related subtypes were unveiled, delineating divergent survival patterns, tumor microenvironments (TME), and mutation profiles. A robust CRL-based signature (including AC107027.3, AC008011.2, MYOSLID, AC005785.1, AC019080.5, AC020558.2, AC025265.1, FAM27E3, and LINC02367) prognosticated OSCC outcomes, immunotherapy responses, and anti-tumor strategies. Superior predictive power compared to other lncRNA models was demonstrated. Functional assessments confirmed the influence of FAM27E3, LINC02367, and MYOSLID knockdown on OSCC cell behaviors. Remarkably, the CRLs-based signature maintained stability across OSCC patient subgroups, underscoring its clinical potential for survival prediction. This study elucidates CRLs' roles in TME of OSCC and establishes a potential signature for precision therapy.

Impact of inflammation and Treg cell regulation on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.

Spinal cord injury is a severe neurological trauma that can frequently lead to neuropathic pain. During the initial stages following spinal cord injury, inflammation plays a critical role; however, excessive inflammation can exacerbate pain. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have a crucial function in regulating inflammation and alleviating neuropathic pain. Treg cells release suppressor cytokines and modulate the function of other immune cells to suppress the inflammatory response. Simultaneously, inflammation impedes Treg cell activity, further intensifying neuropathic pain. Therefore, suppressing the inflammatory response while enhancing Treg cell regulatory function may provide novel therapeutic avenues for treating neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury. This review comprehensively describes the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response and Treg cell regulation subsequent to spinal cord injury, with a specific focus on exploring the potential mechanisms through which Treg cells regulate neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. The insights gained from this review aim to provide new concepts and a rationale for the therapeutic prospects and direction of cell therapy in spinal cord injury-related conditions.

Mangrove plants are promising bioindicator of coastal atmospheric microplastics pollution.

Plastics are commonly used by society and their break down into millimeter-sized bits known as microplastics (MPs). Due to the possibility of exposure, reports of them in atmospheric deposition, indoor, and outdoor air have sparked worry for public health. In tropical and subtropical regions all throughout the world, mangroves constitute a distinctive and significant type of coastal wetlands. Mangrove plants are considered to have the effect of accumulating sediment MPs, but the sedimentation of atmospheric MPs has not been reported. In this study, we illustrated the characteristics, abundance and spatial distribution of MPs in different species of mangrove leaves along the Seagull Island in Guangzhou. MPs samples from leaves in five species showed various shapes, colors, compositions, sizes and abundance. Acanthus ilicifolius had an average fallout rate of 1223 items/m2/day which has the highest abundance of MPs in all samples. Four shapes of MPs were found in all leaves surfaces including fiber, fragment, pellet, and film, with fiber is the most. The dominant types of MPs in all leaves were cellulose and rayon. Most of the total MPs size were smaller than 2 mm. Clearly, the microstructures of each species leaf surfaces had an impact on its ability to retain MPs. The plants rough blade surfaces and big folds or gullies caused more particles to accumulate and had a higher MPs retention capacity. Overall, our study contributes to a better knowledge of the condition of MPs pollution in atmosphere and the connection between leaves structure and the retention of MPs, which indicates that mangrove plants are promising bioindicator of coastal atmospheric MPs pollution.

Risk Factors Analysis and Nomogram Model Establishment of Hidden Blood Loss in Overweight and Obese Elderly Patients After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) has become the first-choice treatment for elderly patients with end-stage hip disease. The high amount of hidden blood loss (HBL) in overweight and obese patients after THA not only affects rapid recovery, but also results in a greater economic burden. We aimed to identify risk factors that contribute to elevated HBL in overweight and obese patients after THA by retrospective analysis, and establish a nomogram prediction model for massive HBL in overweight and obese patients after THA. Methods: A total of 505 overweight and obese patients treated with THA were included and randomly divided into modeling and validation sets according to a 7:3 ratio. The demographic and relevant clinical data of the patients were collected. The independent risk factors affecting HBL after THA in overweight and obese patients were obtained by Pearson, independent sample T-test, and multiple linear regression analyses. R software was used to establish a nomogram prediction model for postoperative HBL, as well as a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: HBL was 911±438 mL, accounting for 79.5±13.1% of the total perioperative blood loss (1104±468 mL). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that HBL was associated with necrosis of the femoral head, absence of hypertension, longer operative time, higher preoperative erythrocytes, and higher preoperative D-dimer levels. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for the modeling and validation sets were 0.751 and 0.736, respectively, while the slope of the calibration curve was close to 1. The DCA curve demonstrated a better net benefit at a risk of HBL ≥1000 ml in both the training and validation groups. Conclusion: HBL was an important component of total blood loss (TBL) after THA in overweight and obese patients. Necrosis of the femoral head, absence of hypertension, longer operative time, higher preoperative erythrocytes, and higher preoperative D-dimer levels were independent risk factors for postoperative HBL in these patients. The predictive model constructed based these data had better discriminatory power and accuracy, and could result in better net benefit for patients.

Antihyperuricemic activity and inhibition mechanism of xanthine oxidase inhibitory peptides derived from whey protein by virtual screening.

Xanthine oxidase (XO), a rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid production, is the pivotal therapeutic target for gout and hyperuricemia. In this study, 57 peptides from α-lactalbumin and ß-lactoglobulin were obtained via virtual enzymatic hydrolysis, and 10 XO inhibitory peptides were virtually screened using molecular docking. Then toxicity, allergenicity, solubility, and isoelectric point of the obtained 10 novel peptides were evaluated by in silico tools. The XO activity of these synthetic peptides was tested using an in vitro assay by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their inhibitory mechanism was further explored by molecular docking. The results showed that 4 peptides GL, PM, AL, and AM exhibited higher inhibitory activity, and their half maximal inhibitory concentration in vitro was 10.20 ± 0.89, 23.82 ± 0.94, 34.49 ± 0.89, and 40.45 ± 0.92 mM, respectively. The peptides fitted well with XO through hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals forces, and amino acid residues Glu802, Leu873, Arg880, and Pro1076 played an important role in this process. Overall, this study indicated 4 novel peptides GL, PM, AL, and AM from whey protein exhibited XO inhibitory activity, and they might be useful and safe XO inhibitors for hyperuricemia prevention and treatment.

Thermally-induced atropisomerism promotes metal-organic cage construction.

Molecular folding regulation with environmental stimuli is critical in living and artificial molecular machine systems. Herein, we described a macrocycle, cyclo[4] (1,3-(4,6-dimethyl)benzene)[4](1,3-(4,6-dimethyl)benzene)(4-pyridine). Under 298 K, it has three stable stiff atropisomers with names as 1 (Cs symmetry), 2 (Cs symmetry), and 3 (C4v symmetry). At 393 K, 1 can reversibly transform into 2, but at 473 K, it can irrevocably transform into 3. At 338 K, 3 and (PhCN)2PdCl2 complex to produce the metal-organic cage 4. Only at 338 K does the combination of 1 or 2 and (PhCN)2PdCl2 create a gel-like structure. Heating both gels to 473 K transforms them into 4. In addition to offering a thermally accelerated method for modifying self-assembled systems using macrocyclic building blocks, this study also has the potential to develop the nanoscale transformation material with a thermal response.

The identification of new roles for nicotinamide mononucleotide after spinal cord injury in mice: an RNA-seq and global gene expression study.

Background: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), an important transforming precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Numerous studies have confirmed the neuroprotective effects of NMN in nervous system diseases. However, its role in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the molecular mechanisms involved have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: We established a moderate-to-severe model of SCI by contusion (70 kdyn) using a spinal cord impactor. The drug was administered immediately after surgery, and mice were intraperitoneally injected with either NMN (500 mg NMN/kg body weight per day) or an equivalent volume of saline for seven days. The central area of the spinal cord was harvested seven days after injury for the systematic analysis of global gene expression by RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) and finally validated using qRT-PCR. Results: NMN supplementation restored NAD+ levels after SCI, promoted motor function recovery, and alleviated pain. This could potentially be associated with alterations in NAD+ dependent enzyme levels. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that NMN can inhibit inflammation and potentially regulate signaling pathways, including interleukin-17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), toll-like receptor, nod-like receptor, and chemokine signaling pathways. In addition, the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the screening of core genes showed that interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF 7), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), and other inflammationrelated factors, changed significantly after NMN treatment. qRT-PCR confirmed the inhibitory effect of NMN on inflammatory factors (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-17A, IRF7) and chemokines (chemokine ligand 3, Cxcl10) in mice following SCI. Conclusion: The reduction of NAD+ levels after SCI can be compensated by NMN supplementation, which can significantly restore motor function and relieve pain in a mouse model. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR systematically revealed that NMN affected inflammation-related signaling pathways, including the IL-17, TNF, Toll-like receptor, NOD-like receptor and chemokine signaling pathways, by down-regulating the expression of inflammatory factors and chemokines.

Polar lipid-enriched milk fat globule membrane supplementation in maternal high-fat diet promotes intestinal barrier function and modulates gut microbiota in male offspring.

Intestinal development plays a critical role in physiology and disease in early life and has long-term effects on the health status throughout the lifespan. Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) fuels the inflammatory reaction and metabolic syndrome, disrupts intestinal barrier function, and alters gut microbiota in offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether polar lipid-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) supplementation in maternal HFD could promote intestinal barrier function and modulate gut microbiota in male offspring. Obese female rats induced by HFD were supplemented with MFGM-PL during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were fed HFD for 11 weeks after weaning. MFGM-PL supplementation to dams fed HFD decreased the body weight gain and ameliorated abnormalities of serum insulin, lipids, and inflammatory cytokines in offspring at weaning. Maternal MFGM-PL supplementation promoted the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression of Ki-67, lysozyme, mucin 2, zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and occludin. Additionally, MFGM-PL supplementation to HFD dams improved gut dysbiosis in offspring. MFGM-PL increased the relative abundance of Akkermansiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Blautia. Concomitantly, maternal MFGM-PL treatment increased short-chain fatty acids of colonic contents and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41 and GPR 43 expressions in the colon of offspring. Importantly, the beneficial effects of maternal MFGM-PL intervention persisted to offspring's adulthood, as evidenced by increased relative abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Romboutsia and modulated the taxonomic diversity of gut microbiota in adult offspring. In summary, maternal MFGM-PL supplementation improved intestinal development in the offspring of dams fed with HFD, which exerted long-term beneficial effects on offspring intestinal health.

Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Cephalotanin B.

Cephalotaxus diterpenoids are attractive natural products with intriguing molecular frameworks and promising biological features. As a structurally unusual member, (-)-cephalotanin B possesses an extraordinarily congested heptacyclic skeleton, three lactone units, and nine consecutive stereocenters. Herein, we report an enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-cephalotanin B based on a divergent asymmetric Michael addition reaction, a novel Pauson-Khand/deacyloxylation process discovered in the development of a second-generation stereoselective Pauson-Khand reaction protocol, and an epoxide-opening/elimination/dual-lactonization cascade to construct the challenging propeller-shaped A-B-C ring system as key transformations.

Combined effects of microplastics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria on Daphnia magna growth and expression of functional genes.

Microplastics could act as vectors for the transport of harmful bacteria, such as pathogens and antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB), but their combined effects have not been reported yet. Here, ARB Shigella flexneri with sulfonamides resistance and micro-polystyrene (micro-PS) were used to investigate their possible combined effects on the growth and expression of functional genes in Daphnia magna. Results showed that micro-PS colonized with S. flexneri were ingested by D. magna and blocked in their intestine after 24 h exposure. Changes were observed in the life history and morphology of D. magna, as well as the expression of functional genes in all treatments, but with no difference in the survival rate. We also determined the expression of six functional genes involved in energy and metabolism (arginine kinase, AK) and oxidative stress response (thioredoxin reductase, TRxR, catalase, CAT, and glutathione S-transferases, GSTs), as well as in growth, development and reproduction (vitellogenin, Vtg1 and ecdysone receptor, EcR). AK and Vtg1 did not show significant differences, however, EcR was down-regulated and the other three genes (TRxR, CAT, GSTs) were up-regulated in the combined-treated group. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) sul1 was detected when exposed to micro-PS colonized with S. flexneri., suggesting that D. magna could acquire resistance genes through microplastic biofilms. These results indicated that MPs could act as a carrier of ARB to transfer ARGs into D. magna, and affect the life history, morphology, and the expression of related functional genes of D. magna, to adapt to the stress caused by MPs and ARB.

Bismacrocycle: Structures and Applications.

In the past half-century, macrocycles with different structures and functions, have played a critical role in supramolecular chemistry. Two macrocyclic moieties can be linked to form bismacrocycle molecules. Compared with monomacrocycle, the unique structures of bismacrocycles led to their specific recognition and assembly properties, also a wide range of applications, including molecular recognition, supramolecular self-assembly, advanced optical material construction, etc. In this review, we focus on the structure of bismacrocycle and their applications. Our goal is to summarize and outline the possible future development directions of bismacrocycle research.

Microplastic pollution in water environment of typical nature reserves and scenery districts in southern China.

Microplastics were frequently detected in the ocean, freshwater environment and wastewater treatment plants. This study aims to fill up the knowledge gap of microplastic distribution in nature reserves and scenery districts. Microplastic samples were collected, the distribution characteristics were analyzed with a stereoscopic microscope and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and the ecological risks of microplastic pollution were calculated. Microplastics were detected in all the collected water samples and the average abundances of microplastics in the surface water of eleven investigated nature reserves and scenery districts ranged from 542 to 5500 items/m3. The degrees of microplastic pollution of all the surveyed nature reserves and scenery districts were classified as hazard level I. Fiber microplastics represented the largest average proportion (67.4 %) and 91.7 % of the detected microplastics were smaller than 2 mm. Corresponding to the frequent detection of fiber microplastics, cotton was the most abundant (25.5 %) polymer type of the suspected microplastics, followed by polyamide (PA, 20.6 %), polyester (PET, 17.0 %), and cellulose (15.6 %). For the ecological risk of the microplastic polymers, six, two and three nature reserves and scenery districts were defined to be at hazard level I, II and III, respectively. In brief, microplastic pollution occurred in all the surveyed nature reserves/scenery districts and posed different degrees of ecological risks.

Occurrence and removal of antibiotics from aquaculture wastewater by solar-driven Fe(VI)/oxone process.

In this study, the occurrence and removal of ten selected antibiotics from aquaculture wastewater by the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone were investigated. The detection levels of the antibiotics in the aquaculture wastewater samples were at ng/L. The degradation of the selected antibiotics under the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. As the most abundant antibiotic in the studied aquaculture wastewater, norfloxacin (NFX) was used as the model compound to study the reaction mechanism and detoxification ability of the treatment system, as well as the effects of reaction parameters and environmental factors. The active species including O2•-, O21, and Fe(V)/Fe(IV) contributed to NFX degradation in the process solar + Fe(VI)+oxone. Decarboxylation, the piprazine ring opening, defluorination of the benzene ring, oxygen addition and the cleavage of the quinolone/benzene ring were main degradation pathways of NFX. Around 20% mineralization was reached and the inhibition rate of the bacteria (Escherichia Coli) growth was reduced from 95.5% to 47.1% after the NFX degradation for 60 min. Despite the suppression of NFX degradation by NO2-, PO43- and humic acid, the NFX degradation in three aquaculture wastewater samples was faster than that in ultrapure water due to the positive effect of Br-and other factors. The above results demonstrate the treatment process solar-driven Fe(VI)/oxone has a good potential in antibiotics removal from the aquaculture wastewater.

Integration of microbiome and Koch's postulates to reveal multiple bacterial pathogens of whitish muscle syndrome in mud crab, Scylla paramamosain.

BACKGROUND: For more than a century, the Koch's postulates have been the golden rule for determining the causative agents in diseases. However, in cases of multiple pathogens-one disease, in which different pathogens can cause the same disease, the selection of microorganisms that regress infection is hard when Koch's postulates are applied. Microbiome approaches can obtain relatively complete information about disease-related microorganisms and can guide the selection of target microorganisms for regression infection. In the present study, whitish muscle syndrome (WMS) of Scylla paramamosain, which has typical symptoms with whitish muscle and blackened hemolymph was used as an example to establish a new research strategy that integrates microbiome approaches and Koch's postulates to determinate causative agents of multiple pathogens-one disease. RESULTS: Microbiome results revealed that Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Shewanella, Chryseomicrobium, Exiguobacterium, Vibrio and Flavobacterium, and Kurtzmaniella in hemolymph were bacterial and fungal indicators for WMS. A total of 23 bacteria and 14 fungi were isolated from hemolymph and muscle tissues, and among the bacteria, Shewanella chilikensis, S. xiamenensis, Vibrio alginolyticus, S. putrefaciens, V. fluvialis, and V. parahaemolyticus were present in hemolymph and/or muscle tissues in each WMS crab, and the last three species were also present in three Healthy crabs. The target bacteria and fungi were further screened to regression infections based on two criteria: whether they belonged to the indicator genera for WMS, whether they were isolated from both hemolymph and muscle tissues in most WMS crabs. Only S. chilikensis, S. putrefaciens, S. xiamenensis, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. parahaemolyticus met both two criteria. The six bacteria that met both two criteria and six fungi and another bacterium that unmatched any of two criteria were used to perform regression infection experiments based on Koch's postulates. S. chilikensis, S. putrefaciens, S. xiamenensis, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. parahaemolyticus met both two criteria, and the results indicate that they cause WMS in crabs independently. CONCLUSIONS: This study fully demonstrated that our research strategy that integrates the microbiome and Koch's postulates can maximize the ability to catch pathogens in one net for the situation of multiple pathogens-one disease. Video Abstract.